Test 2- Enlightenment Theories of Penal Reform

Question 1

Enlightenment Period

Answer 1

18th Current C
- Traditional view (crime = sin/devil) challenged
- French philosopher Voltaire opposed capital punishment, demanded JS concentrate on prevention

Question 2

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 2

• Classical School
  18th C Italian penal reformer and “father of the Classical School of Criminology”
• Strongly opposed death penalty, to be abolished
• Advocated equality before the law
• Punishment should be proportionate to the crime
• Focus more on the crime than the criminal
• Beccaria’s Book: “On Crime and Punishments” in 1764

Question 3

“On Crime and Punishments” (Beccaria, 1764)

Question 4

John Howard

Answer 4

18th C wealthy British prison reformer
- Advocated for a rehabilitative prison system based on meditation, self-discipline, and repentance
- Inspired by the early 19th C prison reform movement

Question 5

Cesare Lombroso

Answer 5

1835-1909
- Italian criminal anthropologist and founder of the Positivism School of Criminology, inspired by Social Darwinism
- Argued that criminality is biological and identifiable by physical and psychological defects

Question 6

Lombroso, Followers and Positivism School

Answer 6

• Lombroso + Followers (Enrico Ferri & Raffaelo Garofolo) = rejected hte Classical School’s argument that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature
• Popularized: born criminal identifiable by animal-like physical traits (ie. Large jaws/chin)
  = “Criminaloid” traits
• Criminals = savage throwbacks of an earlier degenerate stage of evolution
• Influenced the early th C Eugenic Movement
• His work = no longer considered a foundation of contp. criminology

Question 7

Classical School elements (from comparative chart)

Question 8

Positivism School elements (from comparative chart)