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8th grade science > chapter 10 vocab > Flashcards

chapter 10 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

passing of traits from parent to offspring

A

heredity

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2
Q

meiosis

A

nuclear division of a sex cell

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3
Q

joining of sex cells creating a zygote

A

fertilization

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4
Q

sex cells

A

gametes

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5
Q

each plant contains both male and female reproductive structures

A

self pollinate

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6
Q

when pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a diff plant

A

cross pollinating

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7
Q

a plant that receives different genetic info from each parent

A

hybrid

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8
Q

genetic instructions/ genetic code for a single trait

A

genotype

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9
Q

the appearance/ expression of the code

A

phenotype

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10
Q

trait

A

characteristic of an organism

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11
Q

one set of instructions for inherited traits

A

gene

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12
Q

Different forms of a gene

A

alleles

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13
Q

what do we use to represent the dominant allele

A

capital letters

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14
Q

what do we use to represent the recessive allele

A

lower case letters

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15
Q

all genes come in…

A

pairs

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16
Q

both alleles are identical (PP or pp)

A

HOMOzygous

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17
Q

both alleles are different (Pp)

A

HETEROzygous

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18
Q

the likelihood that an event will happen; why do we use it

A

probability we use it to predict genetic outcome

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19
Q

prophase I

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes

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20
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous chromosome pair line up in the center of the nucleus

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21
Q

anaphase I

A

Chromosomes separate and move to the opposite ends of the nucleus

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22
Q

telophase I and cytokinesis I

A

Chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell
New nuclear membrane forms
The new nucleus each contains a chromosome with 2 chromatids
The cell divides

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23
Q

prophase II

A

No replication takes place
Each cell contains one chromosome from the homologous pair

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24
Q

metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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25
Q

anaphase II

A

Chromatids separate
Move towards the poles (opposite sides of the nucleus)

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26
Q

telophase II and cytokinesis II

A

Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosome
4 new cells are formed each with half the number of chromosomes

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27
Q

meiosis end prodcuts

A

4 daughter cells - 23 chromosomes each; create either an egg or sperm cell

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28
Q

t or f traits are passed on from offspring to parents

A

false its parents to offspring

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29
Q

t of f traits are passed on by genes

A

true

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30
Q

t or f diff genes control diff traits

A

true

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31
Q

t or f genes form chromosomes

A

true

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32
Q

t or f every organism has the same number of chromosomes

A

false every organism has a SPECIFIC number

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33
Q

t or f body cells have paired chromosomes

A

true

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34
Q

t or f gametes have paired chromosomes

A

false they have single sets of chromosomes

35
Q

time between cell division

A

cell cycle

36
Q

contains DNA + proteins: found in nucleus, replicate+divide during cellular reproduction

A

chromosomes

37
Q

half a chromosome

A

chromatid

38
Q

center location between 2 sister chromatids

A

centromere

39
Q

2 sets of chromosomes

A

homologous chromosomes

40
Q

division of entire cell

A

cytokinesis

41
Q

offspring have the same traits as the parents

A

true breeding

42
Q

when the phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediate between the dominant + recessive traits

A

incomplete dominance

43
Q

passed down by an x or y chromosome of another fam member

A

sex linked disorders

44
Q

carry the sex genes (x + y)

A

sex chromosomes

45
Q

used to trace traits

A

pedigree

46
Q

nuclear division of body cells

A

mitosis

47
Q

non sex chromosomes

A

autosome

48
Q

egg or sperm; contain one set of chromosomes

A

haploid cells

49
Q

contain two sets of chromosomes; all cells are this except sex cells

A

diploid cells

50
Q

cell division of single cells organisms

A

binary fission

51
Q

regrowth of a body part

A

regeneration

52
Q

a new organism grows from the body part of a parent organism

A

budding

53
Q

law that states traits are given by parent randomly

A

law 0of segregation

54
Q

states that separate genes are passed independently from the parent to offspring

A

law of independent assortment

55
Q

most common method of determining probability of an event

A

punnett squares

56
Q

when the phenotype of a heterozygote expresses both traits

A

codominance

57
Q

in pedigrees what does a triangle or circle represent

A

female

58
Q

in pedigrees what does a square represent

A

male

59
Q

in pedigrees what does a unfilled shape represent

A

not affected (AA)

60
Q

in pedigrees what does a filled shape represent

A

affected (aa)

61
Q

in pedigrees what does a half filled shape represent

A

carrier (Aa)

62
Q

when organisms have desirable traits + are mated with another organism w/ desirable traits

A

selective breeding

63
Q

represented by uppercase letter/s, always seen

A

dominant

64
Q

represented by lowercase letter, sometimes hidden

A

recessive

65
Q

diff between a pure and hybrid

A

purebred: same genetic info
hybrid: diff genetic info

66
Q

purpose of a punnett square

A

determining probability of an event with traits

67
Q

Binary fission produces 2 identical cells t or f

A

true

68
Q

Eukaryotic cells have chromosomes that are found in the __________________ of the cell.

A

nucleus

68
Q

The part of the cell that helps move chromosomes away from the middle.

A

centriole

68
Q

When a plant has both female and male reproductive structures and can produce offspring, this process

A

self pollinating

69
Q

Nuclear membrane forms, 2 nuclei and cleavage furrow are seen, each nuclei has 23 chromosomes in humans

A

telophase 2

70
Q

When do the centrioles appear?

A

prophase

71
Q

When do the centrioles disappear?

A

telophase

72
Q

What is seen during cytokinesis?

A

chromatin

73
Q

What type of cell division does prokaryotes go through?

A

binary fission

74
Q

somatic cells

A

body

75
Q

an individual that has only dominant or recessive genes for a trait is ____ for that trait

A

pure

76
Q

examples of incomplete dominance in humans are found in

A

eye and hair color

77
Q

t or f Eukaryotic cells have a single, circular DNA and ribosomes.

A

false

78
Q

t or f DNA can NOT be seen during cell division.

A

false

79
Q

*Which organelle converts the suns energy to chemical energy?

A

chloroplast

80
Q

*Which organelle removes digestive waste?

A

lysosomes

81
Q

*Which organelles is responsible for what enters and leaves the cell?

A

cell membrane

8th grade science (13 decks)

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