Structure

Question 1

Consensual standard that identifies preferable, positively sanctioned behaviors.

Answer 1

Prescriptive norm

Question 2

Consensual standard that identifies
prohibited, negatively sanctioned behaviors.

Answer 2

Proscriptive norm

Question 3

Consensual standard that describes how people typically act, feel, and think in a given situation

Answer 3

Descriptive norm

Question 4

Evaluative consensual standard that
describes how people should act, feel, and think in a given situation rather than how people do act, feel, and think in that situation.

Answer 4

Injunctive norm

Question 5

When members of a group privately vary in outlook and expectations, but publicly they all act similarly because they believe that they are the only ones whose personal views are different from the rest of the group

Answer 5

Pluralistic ignorance

Question 6

Increase in the number of roles in a group, accompanied by the gradual decrease in the
scope of these roles as each one becomes more narrowly defined and specialized.

Answer 6

Role differentiation

Question 7

Any position in a group occupied by a member who performs behaviors that promote completion of tasks and activities, such as initiating structure, providing
task-related feedback, and setting goals

Answer 7

Task role

Question 8

Any position in a group occupied by a
member who performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among members, such as showing concern for the feelings of others, reducing conflict, and enhancing feelings of satisfaction and trust in the group

Answer 8

Relationship role

Question 9

Pattern of change in the relationship between an individual and a group that begins when an individual first considers joining the group and ends when he or she leaves it.

Answer 9

Group socialization

Question 10

Unclear expectations about the behaviors to be performed by an individual occupying a particular position within the group

Answer 10

Role ambiguity

Question 11

State of tension, distress, or uncertainty
caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s role in the group

Answer 11

Role conflict

Question 12

Form of role conflict that occurs when individuals occupy multiple roles within a group and the expectations and behaviors associated with one of their roles are not consistent with the expectations and
behaviors associated with another of their roles

Answer 12

Interrole conflict

Question 13

Form of role conflict that occurs
when the behaviors that make up a single role are incongruous, often resulting from inconsistent expectations on the part of the person who occupies the role and other
members of the group.

Answer 13

Intrarole conflict

Question 14

Degree of congruence between the demands
of a specific role and the attitudes, values, skills, and other characteristics of the individual who occupies the role.

Answer 14

Role fit

Question 15

Set of analysis procedures used to describe the structure through graphic
representations and through mathematical procedures that quantify these structures.

Answer 15

Social network analysis (SNA)

Question 16

degree of connectedness of group’s members, as indexed by the number of actual ties linking members divided by the number of possible ties.

Answer 16

Density

Question 17

Number of ties between group members; the group’s degree centrality is the average of
the direct connections among group members.

Answer 17

Degree centrality

Question 18

For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
initiated by the individual.

Answer 18

Outdegree

Question 19

For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
received by the individual.

Answer 19

Indegree

Question 20

The degree to which a group member’s
position in a network is located along a path between other pairs of individuals in the network.

Answer 20

Betweenness

Question 21

The distance, in terms of ties, of an individual
from all others in the network.

Answer 21

Closeness

Question 22

Gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, accompanied
by decreases in the authority exercised by other members.

Answer 22

Status differentiation

Question 23

Stable, ordered pattern of individual
variations in prestige, status, and authority among group members.

Answer 23

Pecking order

Question 24

Explanation of status differentiation in groups which assumes that group members allocate status to group members judged to be competent at the task at hand and to group members who have qualities that the members think are indicators of
competence and potential.

Answer 24

Expectation-states theory

Question 25

Status characteristics theory, task-specific behavioral and personal characteristics
that people consider when estimating the relative competency, ability, and social value of themselves and others

Answer 25

Specific status characteristic

Question 26

Status characteristics theory, general personal qualities such as age, race, and
ethnicity that people consider when estimating the relative competency, ability, and social value of themselves and others.

Answer 26

Diffuse status characteristic

Question 27

Tendency for individuals known to have achieved or been ascribed authority, respect, and prestige in one context to enjoy relatively
higher status in other, unrelated, contexts

Answer 27

Status generalization

Question 28

State of being the only group member
who is a representative of a specific social category in an otherwise homogenous group

Answer 28

Solo status

Question 29

Patterns of liking/disliking, acceptance/rejection, and inclusion/exclusion among members of a group.

Answer 29

Attraction network

Question 30

Development of stronger and more positive interpersonal ties between some members of the group, accompanied by decreases in the
quality of relations between other members of the group.

Answer 30

Sociometric differentiation

Question 31

Conceptualization advanced by Fritz
Heider which assumes that interpersonal relationships can be either balanced or unbalanced.

Answer 31

Balance theory

Question 32

Robert Bales’s theory and observational system which assumes that group activities can be classified along three dimensions (dominance versus submissiveness,
friendliness versus unfriendliness, and acceptance versus nonacceptance of authority) and that groups are more
effective when these three aspects of the group align.

Answer 32

Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)