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NUR 325 > Introduction to Immunity and Vaccines > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunity and Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

-Occurs with cell injury
-Protective mechanism that begins the healing process
-Becomes problem if left unchecked

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2
Q

What are the Inflammation protective mechanisms that begins the healing process?

A
  1. Destroy invading and harmful agents
  2. Limit the spread of harmful agents
  3. Prepare damaged tissue for repair
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3
Q

What suffix is used to describe conditions with inflammation?

A

-itis

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4
Q

Inflammation signs

A

-Redness
-Swelling
-Heat
-Pain
-Loss of function

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5
Q

Causes of inflammation

A

-Exogenous (surgery, trauma, Burn)
-Endogenous (tissue ischemia)

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6
Q

Types of inflammation

A

-Acute: less than 2 weeks, helpful to body
-Chronic: can result in scar tissue, no longer helpful to body

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7
Q

Events of Inflammation

A
  1. Tissue injury or bacterial antigens
  2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (easy passage into and out of blood vessel)
  3. Leukocyte recruitment and emigration (monocytes & neutrophils) -Chemotaxis
  4. Phagocytosis of antigen and debris
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8
Q

Chemotaxis

A

process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue

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9
Q

What does phagocytosis lead to?

A

Inflammatory exudates

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10
Q

Exudate

A

-Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils, and debris
-Vary in composition (depending on severity of inflammation)

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11
Q

Serous exudate

A

Watery
Low protein
Mild inflammation
Good surgery healing healing site

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12
Q

Serosanguinesous exudate

A

Pink-tinged fluid
Small amount of RBC
Immediately after surgery

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13
Q

Purulent exudate

A

-Severe inflammation with bacterial infection
-Neutrophils, protein, and debris
-Abscesses may require drainage
-Think infection

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14
Q

Hemmorhagic

A

-Lots of RBCs
-Most severe inflammation
-Pt is bleeding from somewhere and we have a big problem
-Think bleeding

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15
Q

Inflammation can lead to systemic manifestations like

A

-Fever
-Increased neutrophils
-Lethargy
-Muscle catabolism (muscle breakdown)

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16
Q

________ are responsible for systematic manifestations

A

Cytokines

17
Q

Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)

A

-Cluster of genes on chromosome 6
-AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
-Proteins made by these genes are on cell surfaces
-Identify as self
-2 major classes: MHC Class I and Class II

18
Q

Specific adaptive immunity

A

-Recognize and destroy foreign invaders
-Retaining memory of invaders (adaptive): B cell and T cell

19
Q

Humoral Immunity = Antibody Immunity

A

B-cells
-Memory cells: cells that remember exposure to antigen
-Plasma cells: cells that secrete antibodies

20
Q

Cell-mediated

A

T-cells
-Recognize antigens presented on surface of cells

21
Q

Antigen

A

Bad cells that come into our body, identified as nonself

22
Q

Antibodies are also known as _______, and the 5 classes

A

Immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

23
Q

IgG

A

-Most common
-75-80%
-Protects against bacterial and viral infections
-Previous infection or vaccination

24
Q

IgM

A

-10%
-Activates compliment for cytotoxic functions
-Early, recent infection
-1st to come after vaccine or infection

25
Q

IgA

A

-Secretory functions
-Protects against infections
-Found in saliva, tears, secretions, breast milk, GI, GU

26
Q

IgD

A

-Trace amounts in serum
-More on B-cells
-Stimulates B-cells to multiply and differentiate

27
Q

IgE

A

-Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions
-Signaling of mast cell degranulation

28
Q

Passive Immunity

A

-Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
-Mother to fetus
-Injection of antibodies
-Can cross placenta & passed through breastmilk

29
Q

Active Immunity

A

-Protected state due to body’s own immune response
-Active infection
-Vaccines

30
Q

Traditional vaccine

A

-Inactive or killed organisms
-Injected Flu vaccine

31
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

-Weakened organisms
-People with weakened immune system or underlying health condition should not be exposed to these

32
Q

Toxoids vaccine

A

-Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin
-Ex. Tetanus

33
Q

Conjugate vaccine

A

-Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response
-Ex. H. Influenza type B

34
Q

mRNA vaccine

A

-Most known kind
-Takes a snip from genetic code of a virus and teaches antibodies to respond
-Ex. Pfizer and moderna COVID vaccine

NUR 325 (21 decks)

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