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Neuro Exam 2 > Cerebellum Lecture > Flashcards

Cerebellum Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of the cerebellum

A
  • Motor coordination and correction
  • Maybe motor memory component
  • able to test directly
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2
Q

Main function of the Basal Ganglia

A
  • Initiation Selection of Motor Programs
  • Cannot test directly
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3
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A

One long axon. Modulation is performed by spinal cord, thalamus (BG and cerebellum)

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4
Q

where does the cerebral cortex send info to

A
  • the spinal cord
  • the BG
  • Cerebellum
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5
Q

what does the BG send info to

A
  • thalamus
  • brainstem
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6
Q

what does the cerebellum send info to

A
  • thalamus
  • brainstem
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7
Q

what does the spinal cord send info to

A

the cerebellum and the thalamus

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8
Q

what is the motor control of the cerebellum

A

1) maintenance of balance and posture: Vestibular information/ proprioception
2) Coordination of multiple motor groups/ movement. Skilled movement
3) proprioception input: muscle spindle feedback (muscle proprioception
4) Postural Adjustments: Unconscious GTO
5) sensory processing
6) adaptability
7) automaticity: especially in posture
8) motor commands are not initiated in cerebellum; it modifies motor activity accuracy

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9
Q

Motor Learning of the Cerebellum

A

The cerebellum plays a major role in adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process

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10
Q

Cognitive Functions of the Cerebellum

A

Involved with cognitive functions such as language. Historically it is considered part of the motor system but cognitive functions are not fully understood yet.

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11
Q

the 4 inputs of the cerebellum

A

1) anticipates the output of the motor command (coordination of joints)
2) requires proprioception from the muscle spindles
3) requires vestibular information for control of balance and equilibrium
4) controls eye reflexes (fixation on a target and eye coordination

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12
Q

what is the forward model of the cerebellum

A

predicts the sensory outcome of our movement and actions

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13
Q

The accuracy in time sensorimotor coordination

A
  • is like a copy machine: It creases a replica of our movement in time and produces a “likeness of the pattern”
  • If the motor performace has error: the cerebellum corrects via error based learning
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14
Q

Essential aspects of sensorimotor coordination of the cerebellum

A
  • timing
  • onset and offset of muscle activation
  • direction of movement
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15
Q

although the cerebellum accounts for (x%) of the brains volume, it contains over (y%) of the total number of neurons in the brain

A

x 10%
y 50%

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16
Q

what sensory input helps compensate for shifts in the body position of changes in load upon the muscles

A

input from the vestibular receptors and muscle proprioceptors (muscle spindle and GTO)

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17
Q

Lobes of the Cerebellum

A

medial to lateral
1) vermis
2) intermediate zone
3) lateral hemisphere
inferior
4) flocculonodular lobe

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18
Q

what does the flocculonodular lobe connect directly to

A

the vestibular system

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19
Q

function of the flocculonodular lobe

A

1) transport vestibular information
2) equilibrium balance
3) posture

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20
Q

Lateral hemisphere function and motor pathway

A

function: motor planning for extremities
Pathways: lateral corticopinal tracts

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21
Q

Intermediate hemispheres function and motor pathway

A

function: distal limb coordination
pathways: lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract

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22
Q

vermis function

A

proximal limb and trunk coordination

23
Q

flocculonodular lobe funciton

A

balance and vestibuloocular reflexes

24
Q

Purkinje Cells

A

output from the cerebellum
inhibitory

25
Q

Climbing fibers

A

input to the cerebellum from olive
excitatory

26
Q

Mossy fibers

A

input to the cerebellum
excitatory

27
Q

Main cerebellar input pathways

A

1) vestibular input: balance and equilibrium
2) visual (corticopontine fibers)
3) proprioceptive and somatosensory (corticopontine fibers)
4) motor efference copy

28
Q

Main cerebellar outputs

A

1) thalamus
2) hippocampus
3) superior colliculus
4) premotor areas
5) primary motor area
6) posterior parietal cortex

29
Q

function of the superior colliculus

A

learning memory and connections

30
Q

direct vestibular cerebellar connections

A

From vestibular receptors in the semicircular ducts - Vestibular ganglion - into rostral medulla - vestibular complex - follocculonodular

31
Q

inputs tracts to the cerebellum

A

1) ventral spinocerebellar
2) Dorsal spinocerebellar
3) cuneo spinocerebellar
4) rostral spinocerebellar

32
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • from LE
  • leg interneuron
  • coordinates movement and posture
  • unconscious perception
  • crosses twice
33
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • from LE
  • leg proprioceptors
  • Carry MS and GTO info (1a and 1b)
  • carry proprioception, touch, and pressure sensation
  • stays unilateral
34
Q

Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • from UE
  • information for coordinated movement
  • Arm interneurons
  • unilateral tract
35
Q

Cuneo Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • From UE
  • arm proprioceptors
  • 1a MS proproceptive, touch and pressure sensation
  • unilateral tract
36
Q

Cerebellum outputs

A
  • no direct connection from the motor system
    1) red nucleus to spinal cord
    2) ventrolateral nucleus (VLN) of thalamus to cortex
37
Q

what areas of the cortex does the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus connect too

A
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary cortex
  • prefrontal association area
    Function: to in in postural control, smooth movements, feedback for error
38
Q

lesions of the cerebellum will present problems on what side

A

the unilateral side

39
Q

Deficits in cerebellar function

A
  • uncoordination and problems maintaining balance and posture
  • decomposition of movement
    -Intention tremor
40
Q

decomposition of movement definition

A
  • unable to produce coordinated and smooth movements.
  • Loss of feedforward mechanism , does not allow or temoral timing of the activated muscles, force or awareness in space
  • Ataxia
41
Q

Intention tremor

A

when making a movement toward a target the pt might produce an involuntary movement tremor that increases as they approach closer to the target

42
Q

Types of Cerebellar Testing

A
  • Finger to nose
  • Heel to shin
  • Dysdiadochominesia (RAM)
  • Romberg
  • Rapid finger tapping movements
43
Q

What do look for in cerebellar exams

A
  • speed, coordination, timing (heel to shin) and (finger to nose)
44
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

abnormal timing

45
Q

Dysmetria

A

overshoot or past pointing

46
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

RAM (supination and pronation)

47
Q

Overshooting

A

holding a testing position and suddenly letting go

48
Q

Truncal ataxia

A

ataxia in gait

49
Q

postural dysfunction in cerebellar disorders

A
  • high fall risk
  • loss of automatic movements
  • loss of ankle, hip strategies (due to lack of muscular timing)
  • static and dynamic posture
  • may have increased tone or reflexes
50
Q

Hypotonia

A

low tone from loss of MS and GTO input

51
Q

slow generation of force

A

unable to produce timely force generation (5/5 strength throughout but mild slowly)

52
Q

loss of RAM

A

inability to produce RAM

53
Q

Deficits in motor learning

A

loss of the ability to anticipate (feedforward) or correct (feedback) because of loss of proprioceptive, sensory and muscle force

54
Q

how does the cerebellum predict sensory and motor outcomes of a task

A

sensory via: MS and GTO
Motor: input from vision: task is an error

Neuro Exam 2 (4 decks)

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