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Microbiology > Neisseria > Flashcards

Neisseria Flashcards

1
Q

What are some general characteristics of the family Neiseriaceae ?

A
  • gram (-) cocci in pairs
  • aerobic to facultative anaerobic
  • some species require increased CO2
  • Capnophilic (needs increased CO2)
  • Oxidase (+)
  • Catalase (+)
  • non motile
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2
Q

Where is Neisseria usually isolated on ?

A

Thayer-Martin agar
- agar plate that contains antibiotics and nutrients that facilitate growth of Neisseria species while inhibiting growth of contaminating bacteria and fungi

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3
Q

What type of Neisseria does Thayer-Martin agar prefer the growth of ?

A

Neisseria Gonorrhea & Neisseria Meningitidis

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4
Q

What type of Neisseria does Thayer-Martin have no growth on ?

A

Neisseria: flavescens, sicca, & subflava
- non pathogenic

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5
Q

How do you collect Neisseria for specimen collection ?

A
  • swabs from mouth, anus, vagina, cervix, urethra, and eye
  • urine
  • sterile fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, synovial joints)
  • sputum specimens
  • blood cultures
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6
Q

How do you collect and isolate Neisseria ?

A
  • inoculate media immediately after collection
  • needs to be moist and a room temp
  • don’t refrigerate (cold temps can kill fastidious organisms)
  • increase amount of CO2 in container
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7
Q

What collection container do you use for isolation media ?

A
  • BAP
  • Chocolate agar
  • Modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) for nonsterile specimens
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8
Q

What are the requirements for growth on BAP ?

A

25 C and 35 C in increased CO2 (candle jar or CO2 incubator)

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9
Q

What are the requirements for growth on MTM ?

A

35 C with CO2

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10
Q

What are the requirements for growth on Nutrient agar ?

A

35 C with CO2

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11
Q

In rapid fermentation tests what fermentation products are you testing ?

A
  • dextrose (glucose)
  • lactose
  • sucrose
  • maltose
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12
Q

In a rapid fermentation test what does a positive and negative result look like ?

A
  • (+): yellow color
  • (-): red color
  • drop in pH= color change of phenol red indicator in the medium
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13
Q

What happens in a Rapid Fermentation test ?

A

if bacteria contains enzymes needed to metabolize the carbs, then acidic products are made

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14
Q

What happens in a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ?

A

amplifies DNA directly from the specimen submitted
- urogenital swabs, eyes, urine

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15
Q

What happens in a Accu-Probe diagnostic procedure ?

A

labeled DNA with complementary Neisseria Gonorrhoeae rRNA
- detects bacterial nucleic acid
- can be performed on the cultivated organism in about 1 hr

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16
Q

What is Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ?

A

sexually transmitted disease (almost exclusively)

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17
Q

Where is the primary infection of N. Gonorrhoeae found ?

A

Anogenital
- anus
- urethra
- cervix
Non-genital
- eye and pharynx
- neonates may acquire infection during birth

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in males ?

A

visible symptoms from 1-7 days from exposure of infection
- purulent urethral discharge
- severe pain upon urination

19
Q

How do you do a preliminary ID of Neisseria Gonorhoeae in males ?

A

gram stain of discharge
- no normal flora in urethra
- gram (-) diplococci (intracellular: inside WBCs)
- start treatment
- gram stain (-) or unclear = ID by other means

20
Q

How color is urethral discharge ?

A

white, yellow, green

21
Q

What are some characteristics of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in females ?

A
  • vaginal discharge will contain normal flora
  • gram stain is not useful in presumptive ID
  • must use other means of ID (PCR-current)
22
Q

What are some symptoms of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in females ?

A
  • vaginal discharge
  • lower abdominal pain
  • abnormal bleeding (between menstraul cycles)
  • symptoms may go unnoticed as the symptoms are milk
  • if untreated it can lead to PID
23
Q

What are some complications of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) ?

A
  • formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes
  • ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside womb)
  • infertility (inability to get pregnant)
  • long term pelvic/abdominal pain
24
Q

What can result from Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Sequelae ?

A
  • PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
    • leading cause of sterility in females
  • septicemia, prostatitis, urethritis
  • disseminated arthritis (bacteria invade joints)
25
Q

How is Neisseria Gonorrhoeae identified ?

A
  • On Chocolate Agar: opaque, grey white, glistening colonies; hard to grow on blood agar
  • Oxidase & Catalase (+)
  • Glucose (+) & NO3 (nitrate) (-)
26
Q

How does molecular detection do ?

A

detects bacterial nucleic acid
- more rapid than culture (hours vs days)
- more sensitive and selective than culture
- replaces culture for the most part

27
Q

How do you perform a Oxidase test ?

A
  1. dip swab into reagent and then touch an isolated suspect colony
  2. observe for color change within 10 secs (bluish-purple= +)
28
Q

What is the treatment for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ?

A
  • Azithromycin or Tetracycline
  • (penicillin used to be the best antibiotic but resistant strains have beta-lactamase enzyme which inactivates penicillin which causes resistance)
29
Q

What are some characteristics of Neisseria Meningitidis ?

A
  • colonies are round, convex, glistening, and blue-gray color
  • aerobic
  • non motile
  • oxidase & catalase positive
30
Q

Where is Neisseria Meningitidis commonly found ?

A

oropharynx and nasopharynx of humans
- carriers are asymptomatic (5% to 30& carrier rate)

31
Q

When is Neisseria Meningitidis most prevalent ?

A

higher in the winter with people living in close quarters
- dorms
- military
- homeless shelters

32
Q

What is the infections steps of Neisseria Meningitidis ?

A
  1. colonize the nasopharynx initially
  2. invades bloodstream and CNS
  3. sudden onset of frontal headache followed by stiff neck and rigidity of spine
  4. progression of infection- vomiting, myalgia (joint pain)
33
Q

What is the incubation period of Neisseria Meningitidis ?

A

1 to 7 days

34
Q

What causes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome ?

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- use up clotting factors and bleeding into organs
- DIC can cause petechial rash/purpura

35
Q

What happens with Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome ?

A
  • bleeding in the adrenal glands
  • causes purpura (purple rash on the skin due to small blood vessels bleeding due to DIC)
  • causes rapid death
36
Q

How do you prevent Neisseria Meningitidis ?

A

vaccines, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, rifampin
- remains susceptible to penicillin
- still do beta lactamase test

37
Q

What respiratory infection can be caused by Neisseria Meningitidis ?

A
  • pneumonia
38
Q

What are some characteristics of Moraxella Cararrhalis ?

A
  • grey to white, smooth, opaque colonies
  • oxidase & catalase (+)
  • nitrate & DNase (+)
  • grows well on BAP and Choc
39
Q

What infections are caused by Moraxella Catarrhalis ?

A
  • acute bronchitis and pneumonia
  • maxillary sinusitis, meningitis, endocarditis
  • most common specimen submitted- sputum
40
Q

Where is Moraxella Catarrhalis found ?

A

normal flora of the upper respiratory tract

41
Q

What is the treatment for Moraxella Catarrhalis ?

A
  • penicillin and ampicillin resistant
  • have beta lactamase enzyme
  • erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins

Microbiology (18 decks)

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