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renal > 13 – Correction of acidosis and alkalosis, micturition and N waste excretion > Flashcards

13 – Correction of acidosis and alkalosis, micturition and N waste excretion Flashcards

1
Q

Acidosis (HCO3- : CO2):

A

-decreased ratio
-decreased HCO3=metabolic
-increased CO2=respiratory

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2
Q

Alkalosis (HCO3- : CO2)

A

-increased ratio
-increased HCO3=metabolic
-decreased CO2=respiratory

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3
Q

How do kidneys compensate for acidosis?

A

-secret more H+

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4
Q

Metabolic acidosis:

A

-HCO3- in ECF is reduced
>less HCO3- is filtered
>less H+ used for reabsorption of HCO3- in renal tubule
*more H+ remains in tubule and excreted

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5
Q

Respiratory acidosis:

A

-pCO2 in ECF is increased
>stimulates more H+ secretion
*more H+ in tubule and excess H+ is excreted

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6
Q

How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis?

A

-excrete more HCO3-

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7
Q

Metabolic alkalosis:

A

-HCO3- in ECF is increased
>more HCO3- filtered, but no additional H+ for reabsorption of HCO3-
*more HCO3- is excreted

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8
Q

Respiratory alkalosis:

A

-pCO2 in ECF is reduced
>reduced H+ secretion
*more HCO3- excreted

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9
Q

What is the respiratory compensation for acidosis?

A

-hyperventilation

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10
Q

What is the respiratory compensation for alkalosis?

A

-hypoventilation

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11
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect renal H+ secretion?

A
  1. pCO2 in ECF
  2. H+ concentration in ECF
  3. Aldosterone
  4. Reduced EC volume
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12
Q

pCO2 in ECF and renal H+ secretion:

A

-increased pCO2 stimulates more renal H+ secretion
-decreased pCO2 reduces renal H+ secretion

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13
Q

H+ concentration in ECF and renal H+ secretion:

A

-increased H+ concentration leads to more renal H+ secretion
-decreased H+ concentration leads to reduced renal H+ secretion

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14
Q

Aldosterone and renal H+ secretion:

A

-increases H+ secretion by intercalated cells (collecting duct)

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15
Q

Reduced EC volume and renal H+ secretion:

A

increase Ang II for more Na+ reabsorption via increased Na/H counter transporters at luminal membrane
>more H+ secretion
-increases aldosterone

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16
Q

Type B intercalated cells in distal and collecting tubules:

A

-can secrete HCO3-
-function increases with alkalosis
>H+ pumps at basolateral membrane
>Cl-/HCO3- counter transporters at luminal membrane

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17
Q

Respiratory acidosis can be due to:

A

-reduced pulmonary ventilation
-damage to respiratory centers (ex. medulla oblongata)
-obstruction
-pneumonia, emphysema, etc

18
Q

Respiratory alkalosis can be due to:

A

-increased ventilation
-not very common
-high altitude: low O2 leads to increased respiration and loss of CO2

19
Q

Metabolic acidosis can be due to:

A

-failure of kidneys to excrete metabolic acids
-production of excess metabolic acids
-injection or infusion of acids and/or loss of base
Ex. chronic renal failure, severe diarrhea, vomiting from deeper GI tract, diabetes mellitus

20
Q

Metabolic alkalosis can be due to:

A

-excess retention of HCO3- or excretion of H+
-not as common as metabolic acidosis
Ex. diuretics, excess aldosterone, vomiting from stomach

21
Q

Micturition:

A

-emptying the bladder
-autonomic spinal cord reflex
-centers in cerebral cortex or brain stem can INHIBIT or FACILITATE

22
Q

What are the 2 steps of micturition?

A
  1. Accumulation of urine in the bladder and increased tension of bladder wall
  2. Initiation of micturition reflex for emptying the bladder
23
Q

Bladder:

A

-body and neck
-detrusor muscle=smooth muscle
-external sphincter=skeletal muscle

24
Q

Detrusor muscle:

A

-fibers are fused to spread AP
-extends to bladder neck (internal sphincter)

25
Q

Nerve supply:

A

-pelvic nerves connecting with SC S2 and S3 (sensory and motor fibers)
>motor=PS fibers
-pudendal control external sphincter
-sympathetic innervation through hypogastric nerves control blood vessels

26
Q

Micturition reflex ‘steps’

A
  1. Sensory stretch receptors initiate a reflex and travel to cord via pelvic nerves
  2. Reflex comes back via PS nerve fibers
  3. Eventually it sends signals through pudendal nerves to INHIBIT the external sphincter
27
Q

Partially filled bladder and micturition reflex:

A

-shorter and milder contractions

28
Q

Filled bladder and micturition reflex:

A

-more frequent and stronger contractions

29
Q

Micturition reflex is self-regenerative:

A

-contractions stimulate more sensory signals=stimulate more contractions
-if bladder is not emptied=detrusor muscles are fatigued and bladder relaxes for up to 1hr
>cycle starts again, but with stronger contraction

30
Q

Brain and micturition:

A

-can facilitate or inhibit autonomic spinal micturition reflex
>if reflex has started they can keep the external sphincter contracted
-also send signals to sacral segments to initiation reflex

31
Q

Voluntary urination:

A

-starts with contraction of abdominal muscles
>causes increased pressure in bladder=micturition reflex begins

32
Q

AA are used for

A
  1. Maintenance and growth
  2. Osmolytes for protection and regulation of cell volume in marine animals
  3. Energy production (ATP)=get ammonia as waste (toxic!)
33
Q

What are the 3 common N waste products for excretion?

A
  1. Ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ion (NH4+)
  2. Urea
  3. Uric acid
34
Q

Ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ion (NH4+):

A

-most aquatic animals excrete it
-excreted in water
-toxic
-highly soluble
-with each molecules only 1 N is excreted=requires a lot of water to excrete N

35
Q

Urea:

A

-most terrestrial animals excrete it
-excreted in urine
-less toxic
-soluble
-2 N in each molecules=less water required

36
Q

Uric acid:

A

-most reptiles/birds and insects excrete it
-excreted in urine
-least toxic
-insoluble
-4 N in each molecules=less water compared to urea
-antioxidant

37
Q

Renal system in birds:

A

-kidneys have reptilian and mammalian type (important for concentrating urine) nephrons
-get urate balls

38
Q

Urate balls:

A

-uric acid is insoluble and precipitates=covered by albumin
-filtered in kidney=some protein excretion in birds unlike mammals

39
Q

Urine in birds:

A

-enters cloaca and lower intestine and some water is removed from it
-most do not produce hyperosmotic urine
>those that do NOT have slat gland can produce it

40
Q

Marine birds and urine:

A

-have nasal salt gland
>excretes salt without excreting water

renal (15 decks)

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