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Georges chem > ORGANIC PATHWAYS > Flashcards

ORGANIC PATHWAYS Flashcards

1
Q

How can you get a haloalkane

ALL conditions

A
  • from alkane using halogen and UV light
  • from alkene using hydrogen halide or halogen molecule
  • from alcohol using sodium halide
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2
Q

How can you get an alkane

A
  • from alkene using H2 and Ni catalyst
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3
Q

How can you get alkene

A
  • from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and high heat
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4
Q

How can you get nitriles

A
  • from refluxing haloalkane with NaCN + ethanol
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5
Q

How can you get amines

A
  • from haloalkane using excess ethanolic ammonia and heat
  • from nitrile using H2 and Ni catalyst
  • from hydroxynitrile using LiAlH4 and dilute acid
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6
Q

How can you get alcohols

primary, secondary and tertiary

A
  • from alkene using H2O(g), H3PO4 and high pressure
  • from haloalkane, refluxing using dilute NaOH
  • 2nd from ketone using aq NaBH4
  • 1st from Aldehyde/carboxylic acid using aq NaBH4
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7
Q

how can you get ketones

A
  • reflux using acidified K2Cr2O7 from 2nd alcohol
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8
Q

How can you get hydroxynitrile

A
  • from ketone, using HCN
  • from aldehyde, using HCN
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9
Q

How can you get aldehyde

A
  • from primary alcohol, distilation using acidified K2Cr2O7
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10
Q

How can you get carboxylic acid

A
  • refluxing aldehyde/primary alcohol using acidifed K2Cr2O7
  • acid hydrolysing ester using dilute acid and heat
  • hydrolysing nitrile/hydroxynitrile using reflux with dilute HCl
  • from acyl chloride using cold water
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11
Q

How can you get sodium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol

Name type of reaction

A
  • from ester via alkaline hydrolysis using, reflux & NaOH
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12
Q

How can you get ester

A
  • from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and carboxylic acid
  • from carboxylic acid using alcohol and conc H2SO4
  • from acyl chloride using alcohol
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13
Q

How can you get acyl chloride

A
  • from carboxylic acid using SOCl2
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14
Q

How can you get primary and secondary amide

A
  • get primary from acyl chloride using ammonia
  • secondary from acyl chloride using primary amine
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15
Q

How can you get alkyl benzenes

what is reaction called

A
  • from benzene using alkyl halide and halogen carrier

alkylation

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16
Q

how to get nitrobenzene

what is reaction called

A
  • from benzene using nitric acid and sulfuric acid

nitration

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17
Q

How to get phenylamine

what is reaction called

A
  • from nitrobenzene, using Sn and HCl

reducation

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18
Q

How to get halide benzene

A
  • from benzene using halogen and halogen carrier
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19
Q

How to get phenyl ester

A
  • from benzene using halide ester and halogen carrier
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20
Q

How to get phenyl alcohol

A
  • from phenyl ester using NaBH4
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21
Q

observations when Cu2+ reacts with little/excess dilute NaOH or little dilute ammonia

A

pale blue precipitate
[Cu(H2O)^2+ + 2OH- > [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O

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22
Q

observations when Cu2+ reacts with excess dilute ammonia

A

deep blue solution
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2] + 2OH- + 2H2O

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23
Q

observation of Cu2+ in solution

A

pale blue
[Cu(H2O)6]2+

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24
Q

observations of Fe2+ in solution

A

light green
[Fe(H2O)6]2+

25
Q

observations of Cu2+ in carbonate solution

A

blue precipitate

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > CuCO3 + 6H2O

26
Q

observations of Fe2+ in litte/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia or sodium carbonate solution

A

green precipitate

  • [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- > [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
  • [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > FeCO3 + 6H2O
27
Q

obersavtions of Fe3+ in solution

A

pale yellow
[Fe(H2O)6]2+

28
Q

observations of Fe3+ in little/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia

A

brown precipitate
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- > [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

29
Q

observations of Fe3+ in sodium carbonate solution

A

brown precipitate & bubbles of gas evolved
2[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO 2- > 2[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2

30
Q

observation of Mn2+ in solution

A

pale pink

31
Q

Observations of Mn2+ in little/excess dilute NaOH and little/excess dilute ammonia

A

light brown precipitate
Mn2+ + 2OH- > Mn(OH)2

32
Q

observations of Cr3+ in solution

A

violet
[Cr(H2O)6]3+

33
Q

observations of Cr3+ in little dilute NaOH

A

grey-green precipitate
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

34
Q

observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute NaOH

A

dark green solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3OH- = [Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H2O

35
Q

observations of Cr3+ in little dilute amonia

A

grey green precipitate
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

36
Q

observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute amonia

A

purple violet solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 6NH3 = [Cr(NH3)6]3+ + 3H2O + 3OH-

37
Q

observations of Cr3+ in sodium carbonate solution

A

grey-green precipitate with gas bubbles evolved
2[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO3 2- = 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2

38
Q

How can you get nitro-phenol

what compounds of nitro phenol are produced

A

react phenol with HNO3

nitration
phenol 2,4 directing

39
Q

How can you get bromo-phenol

what specific compound is produced

A

react phenol with Br2
bromination

2,4,6 bromo-phenol

40
Q

How to get sodium phenoxide

A

react phenol with NaOH
neutralisation reaction

41
Q

Name the 2,4 directing groups

A

NH2 (primary amine)
NHR (secondary amine)
OH (phenol)
OR
R (alkyl group)
benzene ring
halogens

42
Q

what are the 3 directing groups

A

RCOR (ketone)
COOR (ester)
SO3H
CHO (aldehydes)
COOH (carboxylic acid)
CN (cyanide)
NO2 (nitrate)
NR3+

43
Q

equation for entropy change

A

reactants - products

44
Q

equation for entrapy

A

products - reactants

45
Q

define lattice enthalpy

A

the enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of an ionic compound from its gaseous ions under standard conditions

46
Q

define standard enthalpy change of atomisation

A

the enthalpy change that takes place for the formation of 1 mole of gaseous atoms from the element in its standard state under standard conditions

always an endothermic value as bond breaking is endothermic

47
Q

define 1st electron affinity

A

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 electron is added to each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1- ions

48
Q

define standard enthalpy change of solution

A

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of a solute dissolves in a solvent

49
Q

define enthalpy change of hydration

A

enthalpy change that accompanies the dissolving of gaseous ions in water to from 1 mole of aq ions

50
Q

definition of structural isomerism

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

51
Q

define steroisomerism

A

have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space

52
Q

what are the 2 types of stereoisomerism

A

E/Z isomerism
optical isomerism

53
Q

conditions for E/Z isomerism

A

only occurs in compounds with C=C bonds
different groups attached to each carbon involved in the double bond

steroisomerism that occurs around double bonds as structure of groups fixed in space

54
Q

when is cis-trans used instead of E/Z

A

when at least 1 group attached to each carbon double bond must be the same

55
Q

what is Z (trans) and what is E(cis) isomer

A
56
Q

defintion, conditions of optical isomerism

A

same structural formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms such that the isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

chiral centre present, lack of symmetrical

57
Q

write shapes table

A
58
Q

define average bond enthalpy

A

average enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous covalent bonds is broken

Georges chem (29 decks)

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