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Personality and Individual differences > Health, Wealth, and Wellbeing > Flashcards

Health, Wealth, and Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

Does money make you happier?

A
  • Overall, income is a small but very robust predictor of life satisfaction (Boyce et al, 2010)
  • But losses loom larger than gains (Loss aversion: Kahneman & Tversky, 1979)
  • Therefore, need to consider losses as well as gain
    Does losing money make you more unhappy? Not having money makes people quite unhappy (Boes & Winkelmann, 2010)
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2
Q

what is prospect theory?

A

a psychology theory that describes how people make decisions when presented with alternatives that involve risk, probability, and uncertainty

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3
Q

what is loss aversion?

A

a cognitive bias that describes why, for individuals, the pain of losing is psychologically twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining

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4
Q

Conscientiousness Predicts how Life Satisfaction responds to losses versus gains in Income, Boyce, Wood and Ferguson (2015)

A
  • Loss Aversion deemed a ‘universal’ in Prospect Theory
  • Conscientiousness, although usually adaptive, is also characterized by a rigidity of thought and obsessiveness.
  • Conscientious individuals place great value on economic outcomes
  • Conscientious individuals put more effort into achieving their goals
  • the loss of that outcome might be appraised as due to lack of their own ability (stable and general cause of failure) as opposed to a lack of effort).
  • Therefore, losses should loom larger for those higher in conscientiousness

based on a representative sample of 105,558 Germans, looses loom larger and more so for those high in conscientiousness

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5
Q

Personality, marriage and happiness, Boyce, Wood and Ferguson (2016)

A
  • Pre-Marriage Personality to predict life satisfaction before and during marriage
  • Again uses SOEP panel data: very large study of German households, running since 1980s, refreshed over time, but some people tracked for many years.
  • For Women only: High conscientiousness linked to increased satisfaction over the years of marriage.
  • This is because conscientious individuals place more value on relationship goals may strive harder to ensure success
  • For women introversion is associated with increased satisfaction across marriage, for men its extraversion
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6
Q

How can personality influence the performance and training in the work place?

A

We are interested in performance (how many calls you take, how much money is made) or are we interested in training (how well you learn to do the job).

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7
Q

How can personality influence within job changes in the work place?

A

The nature of the job is likely to change as technology develop and as your skills as an employee change and you are promoted

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8
Q

Conscientiousness and IQ survival curves

A
  • see OneNote for graphs
  • men die sooner than women
  • affect of conscientiousness, people with lower levels of conscientiousness die sooner
  • could be due to lower conscientiousness take more risks so at higher risk being in an accident
  • high cognitive function protective of mortality
  • Higher IQ is a protective factor against certain diseases which would lower IQ like alzheimer’s
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9
Q

Neuroticism and mortality

A
  • higher levels of neuroticism are associated with sharp increases in mortality
  • could be indirect through the impact that neuroticism has on mental health
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10
Q

Traits and compliance with taking medication

A
  • Conscientiousness people tend to take their treatment as they are supposed to and for the full amount of time
  • compared to someone with depression who will tend to stop once they feel better
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11
Q

Compliance when neurotic and taking medication, Molloy, O’ Carroll and Ferguson (2014)

A
  • People with high levels of neuroticism show lower levels of antibody response than others
  • meaning they get a disease it is more difficult to fight
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12
Q

what is a viral challenge study in terms of health and personality?

A
  • Expose 50% to a pathogen and 50% to a placebo. Keep in isolation. Examine for 1 to 2 weeks
  • Randomized controlled trial
  • Can make causal inference
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13
Q

what is a quasi experiment in terms of health and personality?

A

Examine people at high and low stress times. Usually done on the same students during exams and vacation times

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14
Q

what is case control designs in terms of health and personality?

A

Compare different high stressed and low stressed groups (e.g., carers vs. general population)

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15
Q

what are some ways of measuring signs of disease?

A
  • Signs (clinical blood tests)
  • Symptoms (what people report)
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16
Q

what are some covariates that affect people getting?

A

age, time of year, nutrition, depression etc. all of which will affect susceptibility to diseases and its progression

17
Q

Viral challenge study, Feldman et al (1999)

A
  • Viral challenge study – 50% of subjects given a virus and observed and measured for objective as well as subjective markers of illness
  • symptoms: interactions with objective illness status
  • Those high in Neuroticism report more symptoms and more severe symptoms whether or not they are actually ill.
  • Those high in Openness report more symptoms than those low in Openness only when objective colds are present
18
Q

How does emotional style affect reporting of illness?

A
  • High negative affect, akin to neuroticism, leads greater reporting of symptoms but not
    more actual colds
  • higher levels of neuroticism report subjectively higher levels of illness
  • Positive affect is related to better sleep and diet and lower cortisol also
19
Q

Encoding and/or recall of symptoms, Larsen (1992)

A
  • asked people to record symptoms of disease each day for 3 months
  • and then after a delay period recall the number and severity of symptoms from the pervious 3 months of recording
  • people with high neuroticism recall symptoms as worse than they actually were
20
Q

Pain and negative affect

A
  • Pain is mediated by internal states and dispositions: Depression, Neuroticism, Anxiety, Catastrophizing
  • These all MAGNIFY the expression of pain
    Can also cause people to feel pain in the absence of physical injury (neuropathic pain)
21
Q

Pain and Intelligence

A
  • Cognitive epidemiology: IQ associated with better health outcomes
  • Direct effects: Longevity, risk of various kinds of disease, widespread pain
  • Indirect effects: following public health interventions, less likely to smoke, drink, eat poorly
22
Q

How does personality change with chronic illness, James and Ferguson (2019)

A
  • people diagnosed with arthritis at W2, so pain before, at and after
  • IQ protects against pain at diagnosis
  • Depression is a risk factor, but pain makes it worse too
  • both affect future IQ
23
Q

how do people have different coping strategies according to their personality, Connor-Smith and Flachsbart (2007)

A
  • Extraversion (r = .15), Conscientiousness (r = .11) and Openness (r = .10) are linked to overall engagement coping strategies (e.g., problem solving) which are generally beneficial to health
  • Neuroticism (r = .27) is associated with disengagement strategies (e.g., substance use) which are not beneficial to health
24
Q

Health Behaviours and Risks: IQ

A
  • Physical and social disadvantage
  • Physiological system integrity
  • Health behaviours
  • Entry to safe jobs
24
Q

Health Behaviours and Risk: Personality

A
  • Neuroticism = Traffic risk
  • Extraversion = Exercise, sex
    Openness to experience = Drug taking, sex
    Agreeableness = Accident control
    Conscientiousness = Wellness behaviours
25
Q

UPPS model of Impulsiveness, Whiteside and Lynam (2001)

A
  • Urgency and premeditation preservence seeking
  • Lack of Premeditation – Low C
  • Lack of Perseverance – Low C
  • Sensation Seeking – High E
  • Negative Urgency – High N, low A & C
  • Positive Urgency – High N, low A and C (Cyders & Smith, 2008)
  • Similar approach to FFM/Big Five – took lots of measures of impulsivity, and entered them into a factor analysis to identify distinct traits
26
Q

Addictions - Meta analysis of drinking, Coskipinar Dir and Cyders (2013)

A
  • Low perseverance linked with amount drank
  • ALL predict drinking frequency
  • Problem drinking predicted by urgency
  • Alcohol dependence predicted by NU and premeditation
27
Q

Addictions - smoking, Munfado et al., (2007) - Eysenckian Model

A

High extraversion and Neuroticism predicts smoking

28
Q

Behaviour addications e.g. smartphone addiction, Hitchman, Jackson and James (2023)

A

Negative Urgency predicts higher levels of smartphone, internet, social media addictions. Consistent at re-test

29
Q

Gambling disorder

A
  • Addictive behaviour
  • Clinical disorder in DSM and ICD
  • Around 0.5-1% of population in past year meet criteria for disordered gambling
  • Varies by individual differences
  • Higher N, Lower A and C (Brunborg et al 2016, Addiction)
  • Higher Negative Urgency and lower Premeditation (MacLaren et al., 2011, Clin Psych Review)
  • Many of these apply to other behavioural addictions
  • But they measure individual differences at the expense of the behaviour! (James & Tunney, 2017, Clin Psych Review)
30
Q

Addictive behaviours cluster – impulsivity, James, O’Malley & Tunney (2016)

A
  • People with severe problem gamblers more likely to be: younger, male, smokers, drinkers
  • ALL of these are markers of impulsiveness – individual difference associated with personality.
  • Acting without thinking, not being able to inhibit actions etc.
31
Q

Impulsivity and associative learning, James, O’Malley and Tunney (2016b)

A
  • Participants trained up on different kinds of slot machine (varied in payout rate and gaps between plays)
  • Eventually thrown into extinction (no wins)
  • Continued gambling in the face of losses predicted by: Payout (less reinforcement, greater perseverance)
    Depression (more depressed, less perseverance)
    Impulsiveness (more impulsive, greater perseverance)

Personality and Individual differences (10 decks)

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