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B16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Define abiotic

A

Non-living things

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2
Q

Define biotic

A

living things

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3
Q

How can bacteria survive extremely high temperatures?

A

They have specially adapted enzymes that do not denature at high temperatures

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4
Q

How can you make sure that the samples you take are random?

A

-The person with the quadrat closes their eyes, spins round, opens their eyes, walks 10 paces forward and drops the quadrat

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5
Q

How can you tell if an animal is a herbivore or a carnivore by looking at its teeth?

A

Herbivores have teeth for grinding plant cells, carnivores have teeth for tearing flesh or crushing bones

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6
Q

How do moisture levels affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-If there is no water, there will be little or no life

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7
Q

How do new pathogens and parasites affect a community? (Biotic)

A

-When a new pathogen or parasite emerges, organisms have no resistance to the disease

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8
Q

How do plants and animals survive in extreme winter conditions?

A

They have a chemical in their blood which acts as an antifreeze to stop the water in their cells from freezing and killing the cell

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9
Q

How do plants spread their seeds to avoid competing with their offspring?

A

They produce seeds with special adaptations for flight for the wind to carry away

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10
Q

How do plants that grow early in the year cope with competition?

A

-More light passes through the bare branches of trees

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11
Q

How do species such as lions, deer and elephant seals compete for mates?

A

They fight and whoever wins gets to mate with multiple females

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12
Q

How do species such as peacocks compete for mates?

A

They display extravagant feathers and colours to warn off other males and attract females

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13
Q

How do water lilies float on the water?

A

Lots of big air spaces in their leaves to photosynthesis from the surface of the water

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14
Q

How does a plant growing in shade of another adapt to survive?

A

-It may grow taller to reach the light

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15
Q

How does interspecific competition affect a community?

A

-A new species may outcompete the other to the point where numbers become too low for successful breeding

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16
Q

How does light intensity affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-Affects plant distribution as light limits rate of photosynthesis

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17
Q

How does soil pH and mineral content affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-The level of mineral ion, e.g. nitrate ions, has a considerable impact on the distribution of plants

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18
Q

How does temperature affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-Temperature is a limiting factor in photosynthesis and therefore in plant growth

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19
Q

How does the availability of carbon dioxide affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-Level of carbon dioxide acts as a limiting factor for photosynthesis and plant growth

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20
Q

How does the availability of food affect a community? (Biotic)

A

-When there is plenty of food, organisms can breed successfully

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21
Q

How does the availability of oxygen affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-Huge impact on water-living organisms as most of them need a high level of dissolved oxygen

22
Q

How does wind intensity and direction affect a community? (Abiotic)

A

-In areas with strong prevailing winds, the shape of the trees and the whole landscape is affected by the wind

23
Q

How must you choose your sample areas and why?

A

At RANDOM, to ensure that your results reflect the true distribution of the organisms and any conclusions you make are valid

24
Q

What adaptations do animals have for surviving in the conditions where they usually live?

A

-Structural adaptations e.g. colour and shape

25
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Organisms that survive and reproduce in the most difficult conditions

26
Q

What are some other physical factors you can measure along a transect line?

A
  • light levels
  • soil pH
  • might affect plant growth
27
Q

What are the 2 different types of roots a plant has to take up water?

A

-A shallow root to absorb water from near the surface of the soil
-Long deep roots that collect water from deep underground

28
Q

What are the 3 main things animals compete for

A
  • food
  • mates
  • territory
29
Q

What are the 4 main things plants compete for?

A
  • light
  • water
  • nutrients
  • space to grow
30
Q

What are the biggest challenges of living in a desert?

A
  • Coping with the lack of water
  • Stopping your body temperature from getting too high or too low
31
Q

What are the steps of sampling along a transect line?

A
  • stretch a tape between 2 points
  • sample the organisms along the line at regular intervals
32
Q

What is a community?

A

A group of populations living and interacting in an area.

33
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

34
Q

What is a quadrat used for?

A

-To investigate the size of a population of plants

35
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

-A quadrat is a square frame enclosing a known area.

36
Q

What is a stable community?

A

One where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant

37
Q

What is a successful competitor?

A

-An animal that is better adapted to finding food or mates better than members of its own species

38
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

The interaction of a community with the abiotic parts of their environment

39
Q

What is interdependence?

A

-Animals and plants depending on one another for food, shelter etc

40
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between different species

41
Q

What is quantitative sampling?

A

Taking several random readings and then finding the mean number of organisms per m^2

42
Q

What is the best wat to make your results as valid as possible?

A

-Use the same size quadrat each time

43
Q

What is the importance of an animal’s SA:V ratio when living in cold conditions?

A

The smaller the SA:V ratio is,, the easier it is to reduce energy transfer to the environment and minimise cooling

44
Q

What is the importance of the Sun for ecosystems?

A

The Sun is the source of the energy that is transferred through ecosystem within the chemical bonds that make up the organisms

45
Q

When is sampling along a transect usually done?

A

Where you suspect a change is linked to a particular abiotic factor

46
Q

Why do animals living in the desert have a high SA:V ratio?

A

To allow more energy to get transferred to their surroundings, cooling them down

47
Q

Why do most animals need their own territory?

A

-They cannot reproduce successfully without territory

48
Q

Why do plants compete for light?

A

For photosynthesis, to make food

49
Q

Why do plants compete for nutrients (minerals)?

A

To make all the chemicals they need in their cells

50
Q

Why do plants compete for space to grow?

A

-Allowing their roots to take up more water and nutrients

51
Q

Why do plants compete for water?

A

-Photosynthesis

52
Q

Why do plants living in deserts have a small surface area

A

To stop water from evaporating off the leaves

pro biology (14 decks)

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