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Biology AQA Triple > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

Paper 1 - B2

1
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

To digest food using enzymes and for small food molecules to be absorbed into the blood

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2
Q

What is the main nutrient group digested in the stomach?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

To create acidic conditions for protease enzymes to work

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4
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

A

To produce enzymes

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5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein molecules that act as biological catalysts/speed up reactions

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6
Q

Name the theory for how enzymes work

A

‘lock and key’ theory

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7
Q

Name two places in the body where the amylase enzyme is produced

A

salivary glands and pancreas

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8
Q

Where in the body is the protease enzyme
produced?

A

In the stomach

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9
Q

Where in the body is the lipase enzyme produced?

A

Small intestine

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10
Q

Which molecule is broken down by amylase? What are the products?

A

Starch into simple sugars

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11
Q

Which molecule is broken down by lipase? What are the products?

A

Lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids

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12
Q

Which molecule is broken down by protease? What are the products?

A

Proteins into amino acids

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13
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Making new molecules (and glucose for respiration)

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14
Q

Which organ produces bile and which organ stores it?

A

Produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder

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15
Q

What effect does bile have on stomach acid?

A

It neutralises it because it is alkaline

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16
Q

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

A

It emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area so the lipase enzyme can work at a faster rate

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17
Q

Name the test for sugars in food and state the colour change for a positive test

A

Benedict’s solution; blue to brick-red

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18
Q

Name the test for starch in food and state the colour change for a positive test

A

Iodine solution; brown to blue-black

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19
Q

Name the test for protein in food and state the colour change for a positive test

A

Biuret solution; pale blue to lilac

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20
Q

What chemical can be used to test for fats in food? What will happen in the test if fats are present?

A

Ethanol; solution turns cloudy

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21
Q

Name the part of an enzyme which is affected by high temperatures and extremes of pH

A

Active site

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22
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Protein molecule/chain of amino acids

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23
Q

Name two factors that affect the rate of an enzyme reaction

A

Temperature and pH

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24
Q

What happens to enzymes at very high temperatures and how does this affect how they work?

A

They denature, meaning that the shape of the active site changes and the reacting molecule no longer fits

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25
Q

What is meant by a double circulatory system?

A

The left side of the heart pumps blood around the body and the right side pumps blood to the lungs (so blood goes through heart twice for each complete circulation)

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26
Q

Where does the right ventricle of the heart pump blood to?

A

The lungs

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27
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

Around the body

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28
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood all around the body, so the muscle is larger

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29
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

A

Aorta

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30
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

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31
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

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32
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the body

A

Vena cava

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33
Q

Name the tube that carries oxygen from the nose to the lungs, sometimes called the windpipe.

A

Trachea

34
Q

Name the tubes that connect the trachea to the alveoli in the lungs

A

Bronchi

35
Q

What is the name of the tiny air sacs in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

36
Q

What is the name of the group of cells in the heart that controls the natural resting heart rate?

A

Pacemaker

37
Q

Where in the heart is the natural pacemaker located?

A

In the right atrium

38
Q

What is the name of the bottom two chambers of the heart and what is their function?

A

Ventricles; to pump blood

39
Q

What is the name of the top two chambers of the heart and what is their function?

A

Atriums; to receive blood

40
Q

Which of the three types of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

41
Q

Which of the three types of blood vessels carry blood towards the heart?

A

Veins

42
Q

Which of the three types of blood vessels is where substances are exchanged between blood and tissues?

A

Capillaries

43
Q

Give two differences between arteries and veins.

A

Arteries have a smaller lumen (hole) and a thicker layer of muscle/elastic tissue in the wall than veins

44
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

45
Q

What are the substances carried in the plasma of the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide (not oxygen); vitamins; minerals; amino acids; proteins; antibodies; hormones; water etc.

46
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

47
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To defend the body against pathogens (produce antibodies, antitoxins and carry out phagocytosis)

48
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting

49
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to perform their function?

A

Contain haemoglobin; no nucleus; biconcave disc shape; small & can change shape

50
Q

How does coronary heart disease start in the body?

A

Layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries

51
Q

Name the arteries that become blocked in heart disease

A

Coronary arteries

52
Q

Name the mechanical device that can be used to keep the coronary arteries open to treat heart disease.

A

A stent

53
Q

How can a blocked coronary artery lead to heart disease?

A

The heart muscle is starved of oxygen and can no longer respire

54
Q

Name the drugs used to reduce blood cholesterol and slow down the rate that fatty material is deposited in the arteries

A

Statins

55
Q

What problems might be caused by a leaky heart valve?

A

Blood flow/heart pumping may be inefficient; backflow of blood through the heart

56
Q

When might patients need an artificial heart?

A

When they have heart failure and are waiting for a donor organ

57
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of a heart transplant

A

Advantages: Long-term fix for heart disease - improves
quality of life/prevents death;
Disadvantages: Body may reject the organ; risks of surgery

58
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

59
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be spread and is not caused by a pathogen

60
Q

List 3 factors that can lead to ill health

A

Poor diet; stress; disease

61
Q

What problem would be seen in a person with a weak immune system?

A

They would be more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

62
Q

What type of pathogen can be the trigger for certain cancers?

A

Viruses

63
Q

What two types of allergies can be triggered by immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen?

A

Skin rashes and asthma

64
Q

What is meant by a ‘risk factor’ for a disease?

A

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease e.g. smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol, carcinogens

65
Q

Which two organs can be affected by excessive alcohol consumption?

A

Liver and brain

66
Q

Which organ is most severely effected by smoking, and what disease can develop here?

A

Lungs - lung disease and cancer

67
Q

What type of disease is caused by chemicals called carcinogens?

A

Cancer

68
Q

What is cancer?

A

Changes in cells (mutations in DNA) leading to uncontrolled growth and cell division

69
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body

70
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Cancerous growths that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to other parts of the body in the blood forming secondary tumours.

71
Q

Other than lifestyle factors, what else can affect the risk of developing certain cancers?

A

Genetic factors

72
Q

What is the function of the epidermal layer in the leaf of a plant?

A

Transparent layer allowing sunlight through to the palisade cells. Protection and produces the waxy cuticle.

73
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll layer in the leaf of a plant?

A

Main photosynthesising layer. Packed with chloroplasts to absorb sunlight. Near surface of leaf

74
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer in the leaf of a plant?

A

Contains air spaces for diffusion of gases into and out of cells of the leaf

75
Q

What is the function of the xylem in plants?

A

To transport water from the roots to the leaves

76
Q

What is the function of the phloem in plants?

A

To transport sugars/products of photosynthesis from the leaves around the plant

77
Q

What is the function of guard cells in the leaf of plants?

A

To control the opening and closing of the stomata to let gases in/out of the leaf

78
Q

Name the process by which water is transported from the roots to the leaves in a plant

A

Transpiration

79
Q

Name the process by which sugars are transported from the leaves around a plant

A

Translocation

80
Q

Name 4 factors that increase the rate of transpiration in plants

A

Low humidity; higher temperatures; increased air movement; higher light intensity

81
Q

Describe the structure of xylem vessels

A

Hollow tubes made from dead cells and strengthened by lignin

82
Q

Describe the structure of phloem tissue

A

Tubes of elongated cells with pores in the end walls so that cell sap can travel between the cells

Biology AQA Triple (16 decks)

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