Russia 4

Question 1

Give 2 responses of ordinary Russians to the start of the Great way, 1914

Answer 1

grief/ mourning
patriotism and the renaming of St Petersburg to Petrograd

Question 2

At which battle did Russia lose tens of thousands of troops to Germany in August 1914?

Answer 2

Battle of Tannenburg

Question 3

who did Nicholas II appoint as commander in chief of the Russian army in 1915?

Answer 3

himself

Question 4

what broke down in WW1 leading to food shortages in cities?

Answer 4

railways

Question 5

in 1916, where did major uprising begin against the war?

Answer 5

central Asia/ Turkestan

Question 6

who began protests on 23 Feb, 1917?

Answer 6

women

Question 7

which military unit defected to the revolution first on the night of Feb 26th?

Answer 7

Volynskii regiment

Question 8

In January 1905, how many workers marched to the Tsar’s winter palace and led by who?

Answer 8

150,000 led by Father Grigorii Gapon

Question 9

how many people were killed during bloody sunday and by who?

Answer 9

200, govt troops

Question 10

how were the Liberals protesting/ opposing the Tsar?

Answer 10

raising demands for a constitutional monarchy
union of Liberation (established in 1903) held a series of banquets around Russia’s cities after outbreak of war in 1904 to discuss political questions
new political party established- the constitutional democrats (kadets)
union of unions formed which gave the Liberal intelligentsia a link to some of Russia’s working class

Question 11

what did the constitutional democrats campaign for?

Answer 11

a constitutional monarchy and liberal reforms

Question 12

give 3 examples of middle class unions that were a part of the union of unions

Answer 12

union of writers
union of lawyers
Women’s union for equality

Question 13

how were the socialists protesting/ opposing the Tsar?

Answer 13

led by socialists, especially Marxists social Democrats but also neo-populist socialist-revolutionaries, working class trade unions began a series of strikes

Question 14

what was the name of the arson attacks by Peasants against local nobles?

Answer 14

‘red cockerel’

Question 15

what year did peasant unrest in countryside stop?

Answer 15

1907

Question 16

what did workers and socialists establish to unite workers from different unions?

Answer 16

soviets (elected councils)

Question 17

Between which years was the wave of pogrom following h
the announcement of the October manifesto?

Answer 17

1881-83

Question 18

in 1903, what was the wild falsification in the Russian press about Jews called and what did it mean?

Answer 18

“protocols of the Elders of Zion” which claimed to be the minutes of a meeting of world Jewish leaders who were plotting to seize the world + destroy Christian influence

Question 19

what was the the largest and most destructive pogrom called, taking place in 1903?

Answer 19

Kishinev pogrom

Question 20

what was set up in 1903 by former Marxist Pyotr Struve?

Answer 20

union of liberation

Question 21

what new political party was formed by the Liberals in 1905?

Answer 21

constitutional democrats (kadets)

Question 22

how did the union of Liberation manage to discuss their political ideas?

Answer 22

held a grand meeting to which representatives of Zemstvos were invited. 50 banquets held in Winter of 1904

Question 23

who founded the socialist revolutionaries?

Answer 23

Viktor Chernov

Question 24

what did socialist revolutionaries believe should happen?

Answer 24

a revolution should involve and benefit the ‘labouring poor’
many looked towards a form of socialism that would involve peasant communes ruling themselves

Question 25

what were the 2 types of socialist revolutionaries?

Answer 25

the Minimum party programme group and the maximalists

Question 26

what was the minimum party programme belief?

Answer 26

since revolution couldnt be made straight away, SRs would have to fight for democratic changes and improve the lives of the labouring poor first

Question 27

what were the methods of the SRs?

Answer 27

propaganda amongst workers and peasants
accepted the need for revolutionary terrorism

Question 28

what were the SRs biggest success in 1911?

Answer 28

killing Pyotr Stolypin

Question 29

how were the SRs opposed?

Answer 29

the Tsarist secret police (Okhrana) infiltrated SR groups arresting and imprisoning many members. (after 1905, 2365 executed)

Question 30

what did the maximalists believe?

Answer 30

achieving all the SRs aims for socialism in one go

Question 31

what were the maximalists methods?

Answer 31

advocated terror against ‘exploiting classes’ especially land owners and factory owners.
sabotage- called for peasants and workers to kill their ‘exploiters’

Question 32

what year was the RSDWP established?

Answer 32

1898

Question 33

what did the marxists if the RSDWP agree on?

Answer 33

capitalism exploited workers and should be opposed
socialists should help organise workers to fight for more political power
no significant change could occur whilst Nicholas II was on the throne

Question 34

how was the RSDWP divided?

Answer 34

between mensheviks and bolsheviks

Question 35

who were the Mensheviks led by?

Answer 35

Julius Martov

Question 36

what did the Mensheviks believe?

Answer 36

Russia would have to develop a bourgeois democratic system before socialism could take place allowing capitalism to take root replacing the Tsar’s autocracy with a multi-party democracy and within this system, the RSDWP would try to win the support of the workers

Question 37

who were the Bolsheviks led by?

Answer 37

Vladmir Lenin

Question 38

what type of party did the Bolsheviks want the RSDWP to become vs what the Mensheviks wanted?

Answer 38

B= vanguard party
M=mass party

Question 39

what methods did the Bolsheviks adopt?

Answer 39

unappy with the Menshevik ‘bourgeios democracy’ revolution and instead argued that socialists must fight against all oppressors of the workers not just the Tsar but also the capitalists

Question 40

Which group did Leon Trotsky become an important leader of after leaving the Mensheviks?

Answer 40

the interdistrict group

Question 41

what was the situation of Liberal opposition after 1905?

Answer 41

-Largely appeased by the Tsar’s concessions during 1905 revolution, especially the October Manifesto and State Duma

Question 42

what was the situation of socialist opposition after 1905? (5)

Answer 42

-between 1906-10, usually only the better paid skilled workers that survived, unions of lower-skilled and lower paid workers coped less well
-leaders of revolutionary SR and SD parties were arrested and exiled
-new Bolshevik newspaper launched in 1912 called Pravda
-Bolshevik support began to increase amongst workers from 1912 and Bolsheviks began to take control of the largest trade unions
-a wave of terrorism spread across Russia

Question 43

what was the situation of workers’ opposition after 1905?

Answer 43

-from 1907, a political clampdown by Stolypin made TU activity harder than before and no. of workers strikes quickly declined (1907-12)
-after the 1912, Lena Goldfields massacre, a new wave of strikes broke out

Question 44

what was the situation of national minorities opposition after 1905?

Answer 44

-faced repression to crush their demands for greater autonomy, between 1906-14, the national movements in Poland =, Finland and other regions in the Russian empire were destroyed

Question 45

what were Russia’s military problems during the Great war?

Answer 45

despite mobilising 15 million men, Russia’s army proved hopeless in battle. they were sent without proper equipment, clothing, or sufficient weapons. 1914- 2 rifles for every 3 soldiers