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Intro To Philosophy > Module 6 - Foundations Of Western Philosophy: Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century > Flashcards

Module 6 - Foundations Of Western Philosophy: Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century Flashcards

1
Q

Rousseau felt the influence of others hindered a person’s…

A

true authenticity

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2
Q

According to Rousseau, people change behavior, perspective, and lifestyle to gain approval.

A

true

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3
Q

Changing to win others’ approval brings __________, according to Rousseau.

A

corruption

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4
Q

The tendency toward self-preservation is described by Rousseau as…

A

self-love

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5
Q

According to Rousseau, the need to be recognized can lead to…

A

evil

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6
Q

What is the term for what is considered to be right or good versus what is considered to be wrong or bad?

A

morality

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7
Q

Morality describes one’s choices regarding behavior.

A

true

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8
Q

Which word describes something seen as wrong or bad?

A

immoral

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9
Q

What does amoral mean?

A

neither good nor bad

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10
Q

Deontology is the study of what?

A

duty

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11
Q

Which will help society according to Mill’s philosophy?

A

education

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12
Q

Utility seeks decisions that produce pleasure and avoid pain.

A

true

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13
Q

What does utilitarianism seek?

A

the greatest happiness

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14
Q

Altruism looks to the needs of…

A

others

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15
Q

Which determines what people do?

A

psychological hedonism

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16
Q

Where do moral rules come from?

A

what a person sees as right and wrong

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17
Q

Smith believed morals could be reduced to a set of natural or divine laws.

A

false

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18
Q

Which is the most important to understand when trying to help another?

A

what the other person is feeling

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19
Q

Sympathizing with another and choosing a correct course of action to meet their needs will produce __________ according to Smith?

A

moral norms

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20
Q

What provides a framework of shared expectations for society?

A

moral rules

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21
Q

What were the rich known as during the industrial revolution?

A

bourgeoisie

22
Q

There is a difference between truth-claims and truth.

A

true

23
Q

What were the poor known as during the Industrial Revolution?

A

proletariat

24
Q

The idea that man can find answers within himself through reason can be described as…

A

enlightenment

25
Q

Scientific theories provided which kind of explanations in regard to the origin of the earth and the universe?

A

naturalistic

26
Q

Which two must be maintained by an effective political system?

A

freedom and rights

27
Q

Which type of government best protects the rights of its citizens?

A

individuals speaking for themselves

28
Q

What is the source of the law?

A

the general will of the people

29
Q

What, according to Rousseau, helped strengthen the moral guidelines in society?

A

the teaching of the church

30
Q

What is the paradox of Rousseau’s theory of governance?

A

the need to yield to the general will of others

31
Q

When one feels the need to yell “fire” in a burning building, one is feeling a sense of…

A

moral duty

32
Q

What does the ability to reason bring, according to Kant?

A

moral responsibility

33
Q

Which is the true cause of bad behavior, according to Kant’s philosophy?

A

personal choice

34
Q

Which might be seen as morally wrong by most?

A

killing

35
Q

According to Kant, what is the best source to determine right from wrong?

A

self

36
Q

In what way did Mill differ from Bentham in his view of pleasure?

A

degree

37
Q

Which does utilitarian politics criticize?

A

special interest groups

38
Q

Utilitarianism believes __________ influence(s) human behavior and activity.

A

pleasure and pain

39
Q

After a vote, a class decides to have a pizza party instead of hamburgers. Of what is this an example?

A

the principle of utility

40
Q

The satisfaction felt in serving others is an example of…

A

ethical hedonism

41
Q

Select all that apply. What is the study of moral truths?

A

moral philosophy; ethical philosophy

42
Q

What is the best way to choose how to help someone?

A

sympathy

43
Q

Which was more important to Smith in regard to a person’s morals?

A

the motive

44
Q

How are moral rules formed according to Smith?

A

from a person’s reaction to specific instances

45
Q

According to Smith, how is wealth created?

A

productive labor

46
Q

Which theory replaced creation as an explanation for the existence of humans?

A

evolution

47
Q

Which scientific discipline helps determine the age of the earth?

A

geology

48
Q

Some philosophers saw science as insufficient to explain what?

A

mans behavior

49
Q

For science to prove something, what does there need to be?

A

repeatable results

50
Q

Why did some abandon the Church as the source of answers during the Enlightenment?

A

science gave answers that contradicted faith

Intro To Philosophy (10 decks)

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