PML 1

Question 1

What is the motor programming approach?

Answer 1

Internal representations. Motor programs represent motor commands for muscle activity that forms the movement pattern.

Question 2

Learning - Motor programming approach

Answer 2

forming or refining internal representations

Question 3

What is the Adam’s closed-loop?

Answer 3

Forminig a perceptual trace for each single movement.

Question 4

What is the Schmidt’s schema-theory?

Answer 4

Learning a scheme for a class of movements

Question 5

What are the 2 traces in the Adam’s closed loop model?

Answer 5

memory trace
perceptual trace

Question 6

what is the memory trace? (of the Adam’s closed-loop)

Answer 6

selects and initiates movement

Question 7

What is the perceptual trace? (Adam’s closed loop)

Answer 7

memory of correct feedback from previous movements

Question 8

What is intrinsic feedback? (give also examples)

Answer 8

Feedback from the inside, learner’s perceptual system.
visual, auditory, tactile, proprioceptive

Question 9

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 9

Feedback from the outside. A coach, video. augmented feedback.

Question 10

What are the 2 extrinsic feedback forms?

Answer 10

Knowledge of performance
knowledge of result

Question 11

What is self-controlled feedback?

Answer 11

The learner directs the schedule

Question 12

What are the risks of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 12

• becoming part of movement production
• no reference of correction (intrinsic feecback) is build

Question 13

What is the model of self-regulation of Zimmerman about?

Answer 13

The degree learners are metacognitively, motivationally and behaviorally active in their own learning

Question 14

What are the 3 phases of the model of self-regulation of Zimmerman?

Answer 14

• Performance phase
• Self-reflection phase
• Forethought phase

Question 15

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 15

The believe in one’s capability to produce a task

Question 16

Name 2 strong and 2 weak points of the Adams closed-loop model?

Answer 16

strong:
- new theories
- principles for extrinsic feedback
Weak:
- Limited for slow movements
- Errors are harmful but is that true?

Question 17

What are the 2 scheme’s in Schmidt’s Schema Theory?

Answer 17

Recall and recognition

Question 18

What is the recall schema?

Answer 18

for movement production

Question 19

What is the recognition schema?

Answer 19

For movement evaluation

Question 20

What is the challenge point framework?

Answer 20

Challenges create errors that provide information for learning

Question 21

What are the 3 principles of optimal learning?

Answer 21

• new information
• optimal challenge relative to the capabilities
• capabilities of the learner can handle the amount of new information

Question 22

What is contextual interference (CI)?

Answer 22

Occurs during practicing different tasks.

Question 23

What is functional difficulty?

Answer 23

Difficulty on the task relative to the skill of the athlete

Question 24

What is ‘Transfer’?

Answer 24

Practice specific with the circumstances for the matches

Question 25

What are the 3 practice goals?

Answer 25

Maintain, learn, transfer

Question 26

Transitional information

Answer 26

Instruction how to change the next attempt

Question 27

What are the 3 benefits of self-regulated feedback

Answer 27

• enhances perception of self-control
• deeper information processing
• enhanced retention of information

Question 28

What is a Yoke group?

Answer 28

Is not able to determine when to ask for feedback

Question 29

What’s Blocked practice + 1 pro

Answer 29

Task is practiced at the time
1-1-1
2-2-2
- pro: the representation remains availabe in the working memory

Question 30

What’s Random practice + 4 pro’s

Answer 30

• forces to think more
• more analysing the task movement
• easier to remember
• become better in problem solving

Question 31

Is this KR or KP -Build a reference of correctness?

Answer 31

KR

Question 32

Subjective reinforcement

Answer 32

Self-generated error signal based on comparing feedback against the reference of correctness. only used in later stages of learning.

Question 33

What is a Gerneralized motor program?

Answer 33

Memory of characteristics of a class of movements before the production of one individual movement.