(M) Analytic - Epidemiologic Approach

Question 1

Event of interest

disease or death

Answer 1

Outcome

Question 2

should proceed before the outcome

Answer 2

Exposure

Question 3

Health-related event of interest

Answer 3

Outcome

Question 4

death, disease condition like AIDS

Answer 4

Outcome

Question 5

when someone got pregnant, whats the outcome and determine exposure

Answer 5

Exposure - tite, and fertilization of sperm with egg cell
outcome - blessing

blessing - anak

Question 6

Having, or being exposed to, a potential cause or risk factor for disease or other outcome

Answer 6

Exposed

Question 7

being a smoker or having sex with someone who has an STI

Answer 7

Exposed

Question 8

Not having, not being exposed to, a potential cause or risk factor for disease or other outcome

Answer 8

Unexposed

Question 9

Individuals that are disease positive

Answer 9

Cases

Question 10

Individuals that are disease negative

Answer 10

Controls

Question 11

Test the hypothesis of relationship between at minimum, two variables

Answer 11

Analytic Studies

Question 12

what are the 2 variable that concerns with ANALYTIC studies

Answer 12

• one independent variable (exposure)
• one dependent variable (disease)

Question 13

Analyitc studies - T or F

There is a comparison between comparator group (exposed and unexposed; positive and negative etc..)

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Determine the factor, and outcome

Hypothesis – Is smoking related to hypertension?

Answer 14

• Factor – Smoking
• Outcome – Hypertension

Question 15

in cross sectional what comes first. population or selected sample

Answer 15

Population

Question 16

Cross-sectional

other name for it

Answer 16

Prevalence study

Question 17

cross - sectional

Exposure and Outcome are measured at

Answer 17

One-point in time

sabay

Question 19

Cross-sectional

if one point at a time, what will be the weakness?

Answer 19

Exposure should come first before outcome

– which means we cannot actually determine which came first

Question 20

Cross-sectional

what are the categories?

Answer 20

• With Exposure, With Outcome
• With Exposure, Without outcome
• Without Exposure, With outcome
• Without Exposure, Without Outcome

Question 21

Uses of Cross-sectional Study - T or F

Estimate burden of disease (prevalence)

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Uses of Cross-sectional Study - T or F

Establish baseline data

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Uses of Cross-sectional Study - T or F

Determine association between non-existing variables

Answer 23

F

Coexisting Variables

Question 24

Cross-sectional

What are the 2 analysis

Answer 24

• Measures of Disease Occurence
• Measure of Association

Question 25

Cross-sectional: Analysis

under measures of disease occurrence

Answer 25

• Prevalence in the population
• Prevalence among exposed
• Prevalence among unexposed

Question 26

Cross-sectional: Analysis

under measure of association

Answer 26

Prevalence ratio

Question 27

Advantages of cross-sectional studies

Answer 27

• Resource-eficient
• Does not suffer from attrition
• Generalizable

Question 28

Disadvantages of cross-sectional studies

Answer 28

Difficult to establish causality

Question 29

why is it hard to establish causilty using cross-sectional?

Answer 29

Temporal ambiguity between exposure and outcome: Which came first?

temporal ambiguity is also a concern for ecological studies

Question 31

if u see this card

Answer 31

go over the formula for prevalence proportion and Prevalence ratio

Question 32

PR = 1

Answer 32

Exposure is not associated with the outcome

Question 33

Numerator = Denominator

Answer 33

The ratio = 1, no relationship.

no relationship with exposure and outcome

Question 34

PR < 1

Answer 34

Exposure variable negatively associated with the outcome

Question 35

Unexposed > Exposed

Answer 35

The ratio: < 1

Question 36

the exposure variable is protective of the disease

Answer 36

Unexposed > Exposed; The ratio = < 1

Question 37

PR > 1

Answer 37

Exposure variable positively associated with the outcome

Question 38

Exposed > unexposed

Answer 38

The ratio: > 1

Question 39

prevalence of the disease is higher among the exposed than among the unexposed

Answer 39

the ratio is > 1

Question 40

T or F

The exposure variable is a risk factor to the disease

Answer 40

True

Question 41

what is the PRINCIPLE in a cohort study?

Answer 41

Exposure First, then A follow up
- the follow up is to know if there is a CONCERNED OUTCOME

Question 42

This approach is suitable in determining the influence of a particular risk factor in the causation of an event, such as a particular disease.

Answer 42

Cohort Study

Question 43

Begins with the identification/selection of a group exposed to a risk factor, and a comparable group not exposed.

Answer 43

Cohort Study

Question 44

In cohort study Both groups are then observed if they will develop the ?

Answer 44

sickness

if mag kaka cancer sila or what disease they were exposed to

Question 45

what should be the characteristic of the group in a cohort study?

Answer 45

Distinct set of characteristics; secondary to:
* Common setting
* Common experience

Question 46

Refers to the secular change of disease frequency in a group as influenced by membership in that particular group.

Answer 46

Cohort Effect

Question 47

Exposure is measured at the present time and the participants are followed up to measure Outcome at a future time

Answer 47

Cohort Study

Question 48

other names for cohort study

Answer 48

• Follow Up Study
• Longitudinal Study
• Incidence Study (something new; positive sa disease)

Question 49

Types of Cohort Study

Answer 49

• Prospective/concurrent
• Retrospective/non-concurrent
• Ambispectibe

Question 50

Types of cohort

starts at the beginning

Answer 50

Prospective/concurrent

Question 51

Types of cohort

starts at the end(future) of the study

Answer 51

Retrospective/non-concurrent

Question 52

Types of Cohort

mixed of both

Answer 52

Ambispective

Question 53

Uses of Cohort Study - T or F

Calculate risk of developing disease

Answer 53

T

Question 54

Uses of Cohort Study - T or F

Establish the temporal relationship between study variables

Answer 54

T

Question 55

Uses of Cohort Study - T or F

Expedient in examining single outcomes

Answer 55

F - MULTIPLE

Question 56

Uses of Cohort Study - T or F

Practical in studying rare exposures

Answer 56

T

Cause there is already a established person with the disease, just need to retrospective the exposure and not randomly try to guess which exposure lead to the outcome

Question 57

Cohort Study: Analysis

what are measures under this?

Answer 57

• Measures of Disease Occurrence
• Measures of Association

Question 58

Cohort Study

under the measure of disease occurrence

Answer 58

• Incidence Proportions
• Incidence Rates

Question 59

Cohort Study

under measures of association

Answer 59

• Risk Ratio
• Rate Ratio

Question 60

Advantages of Cohort Study

Answer 60

• More likely to determine causality (as compared to a cross-sectional study)
• Followed the natural history of disease

Question 61

At the start, those with the outcome of interest should be excluded.

Answer 61

Cohort Study

If they have sickness, out na sa study

Question 62

Disadvantages of Cohort Study

Answer 62

• Resource-intensive
• Sufferes from attrition

Question 63

If u see this card

Answer 63

Go over the formula for incidence proportion and Incidence Rate

Question 64

Cohort Study

• Describes the average risk for developing a disease condition
• More useful in determining etiologic/risk factors of diseases more than prevalence proportion

Answer 64

Incidence proportion

Question 65

Cohort Study

• Describes the speed at which new cases occur
• “Time at risk”

Answer 65

Incidence Rate

Question 66

period or duration at which each person is vulnerable (“at risk”) of developing the disease

Answer 66

“Time at risk”

Question 67

Relative Risk is also known as?

Answer 67

• Risk Ratio
• Rate Ration
  *

Question 68

Cohort Study

if comparing incidence proportions

Answer 68

Risk Ratio

Question 69

Cohort study

if comparing incidence rates

Answer 69

Rate Ratio

Question 70

RR > 1

Answer 70

Exposure variables is a risk factor

Question 71

shows an association

Answer 71

RR > 1

Question 72

conclusion can be read “those with the exposure were more likely to develop disease.”

Answer 72

RR > 1

Question 73

exposure variable is protective factor

Answer 73

RR < 1

Question 74

T or F

OR is just an estimation of the RR.

OR = odd ratio

Answer 74

True

Question 75

The RR is a more powerful effect measure than the?

Answer 75

OR (ODD RATIO)

Question 76

if u see this card

Answer 76

Go over the example for RISK RATIO yung mahaba

Question 77

A type of study that attempts to capture the advantages of both the cross-sectional study and the cohort study

Answer 77

Case-Control Study

Question 78

It tries to eliminate the temporal ambiguity of the cross-sectional study while at the same time shortening the duration of the study

Answer 78

Case-Control Study

Question 79

Outcome is measured at the present time and Exposure of the participants in the past is estimated

Answer 79

Case-Control Study

Question 80

Case Contol

1st step process

Answer 80

We select the cases from a target population.

Question 81

Case Control Study

3rd Step

Answer 81

Then select another group of individuals without the outcome or disease as Controls

ex. Women without breast cancer of the reproductive age group

Question 82

Case Control Study

2nd Step

Answer 82

Cases are a group of individuals with the outcome or disease

ex. Women with breast cancer of the reproductive age group

Question 83

Case-control Study

4th Step

Answer 83

Go back in time (retrospective) to determine exposure in the cases and in the control

Question 84

Case-Control Study

5th Step

Answer 84

Compares the exposure status among the cases and among the controls

Question 85

Uses of Case-Control Study - T or F

Determine association between variables

Answer 85

T

Question 86

Uses of Case-Control Study - T or F

Estimate ratio risk

Answer 86

F - Relative Risk

Question 87

Uses of Case-Control Study - T or F

Expedient in examining multiple exposures

Answer 87

T

Question 88

Uses of Case-Control Study - T or F

Practical in studying rare diseases

Answer 88

Because it already started with a case, which will not give a hard time to trace back

Question 89

if u see this card

Answer 89

go over the example for case-control study

Question 90

Case-Control Study: Analysis

what are the measures under this?

Answer 90

• Measure of Exposure occurrence
• Measure of Association

Question 91

why is there no measure of disease occurrence under case-control??

Answer 91

cannot compute for prevalence and incidence

Question 92

Case-control

Exposure Odds

Answer 92

Measure of Exposure Occurrence

Question 93

case-control

Odds Ratio

Answer 93

Measure of Association

Question 94

Advantages of case-control study

Answer 94

Less resource- intensive (as compared to a cohort study)
No attrition

Question 95

Advantages of case-control studyDisadvantages

Answer 95

Likely to suffer from problems with recall

Question 96

if u see this card

Answer 96

go over the formula for ODDS and EXPOSURE ODDS

Question 97

The ratio of two odds. The odds ratio calculated from a case-control study is the ratio of the odds of exposure among the cases to the odds of exposure among the controls.

Answer 97

Odds Ratio

Question 98

the conclusion is the “those with the disease are more likely to have the exposure”

Answer 98

OR > I

Question 99

Exposure variable is a risk factor

Answer 99

OR > I

Question 100

the exposure and disease are not associated.

Answer 100

OR = I

Question 101

Exposure variable has no effect on outcome

Answer 101

OR = I

Question 102

it can be said that the exposure has a protective effect against the disease

Answer 102

OR < I

Question 103

difference of odd ratio and risk ratio?

Answer 103

odd ratio is from case control, risk ratio is from cohort

Question 104

why odd ratio is not better than risk ratio?

Answer 104

it is just an estimation and RR talks more about LIKELINESS TO DEVELOP, whereas OR talks about EXPOSURE ALONE

Question 105

The previous approaches: Cross-sectional, Cohort and case control study are all approaches that just

Answer 105

OBSERVES DATA!

the data? NO MANIPULATION!

Question 106

OBSERVATIONAL ANALYTIC STUDIES

Answer 106

• Cross-sectional
• Cohort
• case control study

Question 107

what is the main key of characterization for experimental study?

Answer 107

INTERVENTION! - there is an employent intervetion or manipulation

Question 108

Experimental study - T or F

Randomize into Test (Experimental) group and Control group

Answer 108

T

Question 109

Experimental study - T or F

Randomization ensures that both groups’ characteristics will become straight (the same), EXCEPT for the treatment

Answer 109

F - HOMOGENOUS

Question 110

A cohort study, only with assignment/manipulation of Experimental + Randomization/random allocation

Answer 110

Experimental Study

Question 111

Best study design for controlling confounders

Answer 111

Experimental Study

Question 112

Provide strongest causal inference

Answer 112

Experimental Study

Question 113

Limitation of experimental?

Answer 113

ethical issue!
But if solved, it will be the best design

Question 114

Random Allocation

Answer 114

Randomization

Question 115

Process of assigning each participant into a group—whether experimental or control—by chance

Answer 115

Randomization

Question 116

A defining feature of a modern trial design

Answer 116

Randomization

Question 117

Absence in an experimental study makes the study quasi-experimental in nature

Answer 117

Randomization

Question 118

please

Answer 118

study the process for randomization now na

Question 119

what are the classification of experimental Study

Answer 119

• Clinical Trial
• Community Trial
• Therapeutic Trial
• Prolyphlactive Trial
• Parallel Design
• Crossover Design

Question 120

Intervention is allocated to individuals

Answer 120

Clinical Trial

Question 121

Intervention is allocated to an entire community

Answer 121

Community Trial

Question 122

intervention is a treatment agent

Answer 122

Therapeutic Trial

Question 123

Intervention is a preventive agent

Answer 123

Prolyphlatctic Trial

Question 124

AKA. “between-subjects” design

Answer 124

Parallel Design

Question 125

AKA. “within-subjects” design

Answer 125

Crossover Design

Question 126

Initially 1 in control group and experimental group- wash out period will happen and there will be cross over of group

Answer 126

“within-subjects” design

Crossover Designq

Question 127

Experimental Study: Analysis

Answer 127

• Measures Disease Occurrence
• Measures of Association

Question 128

Experimental Study: Analysis

Incidence Proportions
Incidence Rates

Answer 128

Measures Disease Occurrence

Question 129

Experimental Study: Analysis

Risk Ratio
Rate Ratio

Answer 129

Measures of Association

Question 130

Disadvantage of Experimental study

Answer 130

• Ethical Considerations
• Resoure Intensive

Question 131

if u see this card

Answer 131

go over all of the formula for experimental study

Question 132

Experimental - Clinical

Number of events or Disease (risk) in the experimental group. (among the exposed)

Answer 132

Experimental Event Rate (EER)

Question 133

Experimental - Clinical

Number of events or Diseases (risk) in the control group

Answer 133

Control Event Rate (CER)

Question 134

Experimental - Clinical

ratio of the risk of the disease in the experimental group (EER) and the risk in the control group (CER).

Answer 134

Risk Ratio

Question 135

Experimental - Clinical

also called the Risk difference is the difference in the event rates for the EER and CER.

Answer 135

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

Question 136

Experimental - Clinical

relative to those who are in the control group

Answer 136

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

Question 137

Experimental - Clinical

he number Of patients who would have to receive the treatment for one of them to benefit.

Answer 137

Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT)

Question 138

if u see this card please PLEASE

Answer 138

go over the intention to treat vs. per protocol analysis

diko sinama TOO MANY FUCKER

Question 139

“a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant primary research, and to extract and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.” The methods used must be reproducible and transparent.

Answer 139

Systematic Review

Question 140

A comprehensive review of all relevant studies on a particular clinical or health-related topic/question.

Answer 140

Systematic Review

Question 141

created after reviewing and combining all the information from both published and unpublished studies (focusing on clinical trials of similar treatments) and then summarizing the findings (STUDY OF OLD DATA)

Answer 141

Systematic Review

Question 142

what needs to be combined in a systematic review?

Answer 142

all the information from both published and unpublished studies

Question 143

Systematic Review - T or F

The scope of the review is identified in advance (eg review question and sub‐questions and/or sub‐group analysis to be undertaken)

Answer 143

T

Question 144

Systematic Review - T or F

Comprehensive search to find some relevant studies

Answer 144

F - ALL

Question 145

Systematic Review - T or F

Use of explicit criteria to include / exclude studies

Answer 145

T

Question 146

Systematic Review - T or F

Application of established standards to critically appraise study quality

Answer 146

T

Question 147

Systematic Review - T or F

Explicit methods of extracting and synthesizing study findings (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 147

T

Question 148

Systematic Review - T or F

Need to include a meta-analysis (quantitative synthesis)

Answer 148

F - may only (optional baga)

Question 149

Uses or Limitation of Systematic Review

Identifies, appraises and synthesizes all available research that is relevant to a particular review question

Answer 149

Uses of Systematic Review

Question 150

Uses or Limitation of Systematic Review

Systematic reviews with narrowly defined review questions provide specific answers to specific questions

Answer 150

Limitation

Question 151

Uses or Limitation of Systematic Review

Alternative questions that have not been answered usually need to be reconstructed by the reader

Answer 151

Limitation

Question 152

Uses or Limitation of Systematic Review

Collates all that is known on a given topic and identifies the basis of that knowledge

Answer 152

Uses

Question 153

Uses or Limitation of Systematic Review

Comprehensive report using explicit processes so that rationale, assumptions and methods are open to scrutiny by external parties

Answer 153

Uses

Question 154

Uses or Limitation of Systematic Review

Can be replicated / updated

Answer 154

Uses

Question 155

Advantages of Systenatic Review - T or F

Exhaustive review of the current literature and other sources (unpublished studies, ongoing research)

Answer 155

T

Question 156

Advantages of Systenatic Review - T or F

more costly to review prior studies than to create a new study

Answer 156

F - less costly

Question 157

Advantages of Systenatic Review - T or F

Less time required than conducting a new study

Answer 157

T

Question 158

Advantages of Systenatic Review - T or F

Results can be generalized and extrapolated into the general population more broadly than individual studies

Answer 158

T

Question 159

Advantages of Systenatic Review - T or F

More reliable and accurate than ecological studies

Answer 159

F - individual studies

Question 160

Advantages of Systenatic Review - T or F

Considered an evidence-based resource

Answer 160

T

Question 161

Disadvantages of Systematic Review

Answer 161

• Very time consuming
• May not be easy to combine studies

Question 162

Design Pitfalls to Look Out For

Studies included in systematic reviews may be of varying study designs, but should collectively be studying the same outcome.

Answer 162

Is each study included in the review studying the same variables?

Question 163

Design Pitfalls to Look Out For

Some reviews may group and analyze studies by variables such as age and gender; factors that were not allocated to participants.

Answer 163

Do the analyses in the systematic review** fit the variables** being studied in the original studies?

Question 164

A subset of systematic reviews:

Answer 164

Meta-Analysis

Question 165

A method for systematically combining pertinent qualitative and quantitative study data from several selected studies to develop a single conclusion that has greater statistical power.

Answer 165

Meta-analysis

Question 166

This conclusion is statistically stronger than the analysis of any single study, due to increased numbers of subjects, greater diversity among subjects, or accumulated effects and results.

Answer 166

Meta-Analysis

Question 167

Meta-analysis provides a

Answer 167

logical framework to a research review

Question 168

provides a logical framework to a research review where similar measures from comparable studies are listed systematically and the available effect measures are combined wherever possible.

Answer 168

Meta-Analysis

Question 169

It reduces the quantity of data by summarizing data from multiple resources and helps to plan research as well as to frame guidelines.

Answer 169

Fundamental Rationale of META ANALYSIS

Question 170

t also helps to make efficient use of existing data, ensuring generalizability, helping to check consistency of relationships, explaining data inconsistency, and quantifies the data.

Answer 170

Fundamental Rationale of META ANALYSIS

Question 171

It helps to improve the precision in estimating the risk by using explicit methods.

Answer 171

Fundamental Rationale of META ANALYSIS

Question 172

Uses of Meta-Analysis - T or F

To establish statistical significance with studies that have conflicting results

Answer 172

T

Question 173

Uses of Meta-Analysis - T or F

The data is combined thats why it is much stronger

Answer 173

T

Question 174

Uses of Meta-Analysis - T or F

To develop a less correct estimate of effect magnitude

Answer 174

F - MORE CORRECT

Question 175

Uses of Meta-Analysis - T or F

To provide a more simple analysis of harms, safety data, and benefits

Answer 175

F - COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Question 176

Uses of Meta-Analysis - T or F

To examine subgroups with individual numbers that are not statistically significant

Answer 176

T

Question 177

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Greater statistical power

Answer 177

Advantages

Question 178

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Confirmatory data analysis

Answer 178

Advantages

Question 179

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Difficult and time consuming to identify appropriate studies

Answer 179

Disadvantages

Question 180

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Greater ability to extrapolate to general population affected

Answer 180

Advantages

Question 181

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Not all studies provide adequate data for inclusion and analysis

Answer 181

Disadvantages

Question 181

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Requires advanced statistical techniques

Answer 181

Disadvantages

Question 182

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Heterogeneity of study populations

Answer 182

Disadvantages

Question 183

Advantages or Disadvatanges (Meta-analysis)

Considered an evidence-based resource

Answer 183

Advantages

Question 184

Design Pitfalls to Look Out For - Meta Analysis

The studies pooled for review should be similar in type (i.e. all randomized controlled trials).

Answer 184

Are the studies being reviewed all the same type of study or are they a mixture of different types?

Question 185

Design Pitfalls to Look Out For - Meta Analysis

The analysis should include published and unpublished results to avoid publication bias.

Answer 185

Does the meta-analysis include any appropriate relevant studies that may have had negative outcomes?

Question 186

refer to the entire process of collecting, reviewing, and presenting all available evidence

Answer 186

Systematic review

Question 187

refer to the statistical technique involved in extracting and combining data to produce a summary result.

Answer 187

Meta-analysis

Question 188

the goal is to produce SUMMARY RESULT

Answer 188

Meta-analysis

Question 189

Systematic Review vs Meta-Analysis

Statistical techniques employed

Answer 189

Meta-analysis

Question 190

Systematic Review vs Meta-Analysis

entire process of collecting, reviewing, and presenting all available evidence

Answer 190

Systematic Review

Question 191

gold standard for demonstrating causality between the use of a specific medicine and intended and unintended effects under ideal conditions.

Answer 191

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

Question 192

Limitations of RCT - T or F

Limited to evaluating specific interventions one by one

Answer 192

T

Question 193

Limitations of RCT - T or F

When selecting the patient sample according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, they have reduced external validity (or generalization), which maximizes the transfer of their results.

Answer 193

F - LIMITS the transfer

Question 194

Limitations of RCT - T or F

The highly selective populations examined within the setting of RCTs are often not comparable with the more heterogeneous populations in clinical practice.

Answer 194

T

Question 195

Limitations of RCT - T or F

Heterogeneous population in the real world setting

Answer 195

T

Question 196

Limitations of RCT - T or F

“Efficacy-effectiveness gap” (Eichleretal)

Answer 196

T

Question 197

disparity of findings on the therapeutic efficacy of medicines from tightly controlled RCT settings and the effectiveness of medicines in the real world.

Answer 197

“Efficacy-effectiveness gap” (Eichleretal)

Question 198

observational studies based on real data obtained from daily clinical practice.

Answer 198

real-world data (RWD)

Question 199

evidence obtained from real-world data (RWD)

Answer 199

Real world evidence (RWE)

Question 200

studies that collect data relevant to human health that do not come from conventional randomized clinical trials.

Answer 200

Real World Data

Question 201

RWD - T or F

They document the real care that patients receive in the clinic and include a variety of cases (for example, patients suffering from several diseases at once) without limiting strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Answer 201

True

Question 202

what is generated in RWD

Answer 202

long-term data – on the effectiveness and safety of health interventions

Question 203

RWD provides?

Answer 203

useful information for economic health analyses

Question 204

RWD and RWE provide

Answer 204

external validity that RCTs lack

Question 205

Advantages over RCTs of RWD - T or F

lower cost, larger sample size, and greater representativeness than other research designs, and high external validity.

Answer 205

T

Question 206

Advantages over RCTs of RWD - T or F

single sources – patient registries, administrative claims, and social media channels

Answer 206

F - FROM VARIOUS SOURCES

Question 207

Advantages over RCTs of RWD - T or F

Application – Different real environments providing insights into drug safety, in health and financial terms, and its long-term effects.

Answer 207

T

Question 208

Real-world data can improve decision-making, pre-authorization, and reimbursement of new drugs and treatments and benefit medical research and patient outcomes.’

Answer 208

Advantages over RCTs

Question 209

if u see this card

Answer 209

study the quality of evidences hierarchy

Question 210

if u see this card

Answer 210

go na sa next dami pa yung validity of study designs