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Gen.Exam.Review > Ch2. Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Ch2. Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system is a set of pathways to and from the CNS that innervates and regulates….

A

-smooth mm
-cardiac mm
-glands

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2
Q

The somatic nervous system innervates

A

skeletal mm

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3
Q

What are the 3 divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric
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4
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

in or near the effector organs

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5
Q

where are the sympathetic ganglia located?

A

in the paravertebral chain

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6
Q

Where are preganglionic neurons located?

A

cell bodies in the CNS and synapse in autonomic ganglia

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7
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate where?

A

-in spinal cord segments T1-L3 or the thoracolumbar region

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8
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system orginate?

A

-originate in the nuclei of the cranial nerves and in spinal cord segments S2 to S4 or the craniosacral region

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9
Q

Where are postganglionic neurons located?

A

both divisons have their cells bodies in the autonomic ganglia and synapse on effector organs

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10
Q

What part of the adrenal medulla, do preganglionic fibers synapse on?

A

directly on chromaffin cells in teh adrenal medulla

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11
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, secrete what?

A

epinephrine (80%)
norepinephrine (20%)

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12
Q

Describe a pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal medulla that secrets excessive amounts of catecholamines and is associated with excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)

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13
Q

Adrenergic neurons release what as a neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

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14
Q

Cholinergic neurons releases what as the neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)
**sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons include some postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the GIT which release:

A

substance P
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
nitric oxide

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16
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system at teh neuromuscular junction and in teh adrenal medulla

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17
Q

Nicotonic receptors are activated by what susbtances?

A

ACh or nicotine

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18
Q

Nicotonic receptors are blocked by

A

ganglionic blocks in teh autonomic ganglia, but not as t the neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

Nicotinic receptors mechanism of action

A

ACh binds to alpha subunits of teh nicotinic ACh receptor. The nicotonic ACh receptors are also ion channels for Na and K

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20
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

heart (M2)
smooth muscle (M3)
glands (M3)

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21
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

inhibitor of the heart
**DEC HR, DEC conduction velocity in the AV node

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22
Q

Muscarinic receptors are excitatory at what locations?

A

In smooth mm and glands
**INC GI motility, INC secretion

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23
Q

Muscarinic receptors are activated by what substances?

A

ACh and Muscarine

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24
Q

Muscarinic receptors are blocked by:

A

atropine

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25
Q

Muscarinic receptors mechanism of action on the heart SA node:

A

Gi protein, inhibition of adenylate cyclase, which leads to opening of K channels, slowing of the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization and decreased heart rate

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26
Q

Muscarinic receptors mechanism of action on smooth muscle and glands:

A

Gq protein, stimulation of phospholipase C, and increase in IP3 and intraclelular Ca

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27
Q

Examples of alpha1 agonists

A

norepinephrine
pheylephrine

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28
Q

Examples of alpha 1 antagonists

A

phenoxybenzamine
phentolamine
Prazosin

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29
Q

Examples of alpha 2 agonists

A

clonidine

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30
Q

Examples of alpha 2 antagonists

A

yohimbine

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31
Q

Examples of beta 1 agonists

A

norepinephrine
isoproterenol
dobutamine

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32
Q

Examples of beta 1 antagonists

A

propranolol
metoprolol

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33
Q

examples of beta 2 agonists

A

isoproterenol
albuterol

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34
Q

examples of beta 2 atangoists

A

propranolol
butoxamine

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35
Q

Examples of nicotinic receptors agonists

A

ACh
nicotine
carbachol

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36
Q

Examples of muscarinic receptor agonists

A

ACh
muscarine
carbachol

37
Q

Examples of nicotinic receptors antagonists

A

curare (neuromuscular junction N1 receptors)
hexamethonium (ganglionic N2 receptors)

38
Q

Examples of muscarinic agonists

A

ACh
muscarine
carbachol

39
Q

Examples of muscarinic antagonists

A

atropine

40
Q

What are sympathetic action based on receptors of the heart?

A

beta 1: inc heart rate, INC contractility, INC AC node conduction

41
Q

What are parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the heart?

A

M2: dec heart rate, dec contractility (atria), dec AV node conduction

42
Q

What are sympathetic action based on the receptors of the vascular smooth muscle?

A

alpha 1: constricts blood vessels in skin; splanchnic

beta 2: dilates blood vessels in skeletal mm

43
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the GI tract?

A

alpha 2, beta 2: dec motility
alpha 1: constrcits sphincters

44
Q

What is the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the GIT?

A

M3: incmotility, relaxes sphincters

45
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on teh receptors of the bronchioles?

A

beta 2: dilates rbonchiolar smooth mm

46
Q

What are the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the bronchioles?

A

M3: constricts bronchiolar smooth muscle

47
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the male sex organs?

A

alpha: ejaculation

48
Q

What are the paraysympathetic action based on the receptors of the male sex organs?

A

M: erection

49
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the bladder?

A

beta 2: relaxes bladder wall
alpha 1: constricts sphincter

50
Q

What are the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the bladder?

A

M3: contracts bladder wall, relaxes sphincter

51
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the sweat glands

A

M (sympathetic cholinergic): INC sweating

52
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the eye?

A

alpha 1: dilates pupil (mydriasis)
beta: dilates (far vision)

53
Q

What are the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the eye?

A

M: constricts pupil (miosis); contracts (near vision)

54
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the kidney?

A

Beta 1: INC renin secretion

55
Q

What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of fat cells?

A

beta 1: INC lipolysis

56
Q

Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing and vomiting center

A

Medulla

57
Q

Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: pneumotaxis center

A

pons

58
Q

Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: micturition center

A

midbrain

59
Q

Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: temperature regulation center, thirst and food intake regulatory centers

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

The cell body of the neuron is responsible for:

A

protein synthesis

61
Q

The dendrites of the neuron are responsible for:

A

receiving information from adjacent neurons

62
Q

The axons of the neuron are responsible for:

A

action potentials originate from axon hillock and send information to other neurons or muscle

63
Q

Astrocytes function

A

supply metabolic fuels to neurons, secrete trophic factors and synthesize neurotransmitters

64
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A

synthesize myelin in the CNS (whereas Schwann cells synthesize myeline in the PNS)

65
Q

Microglial cells function

A

proliferate following neuronal injury and serve as scavengers for cellular debris

66
Q

Sensory transducers:
Examples of mechanoreceptors

A

pacinian corpuscles
joint receptors
stretch receptors in muscle
hair cells in auditory and vestibular systems
baroreceptors in carotid sinus

67
Q

Sensory tranducers:
Examples of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones of the retina

68
Q

Sensory transducers:
Examples of chemoreceptors

A

olfactory receptors
taste receptors
osmoreceptors
carotid body O2 receptors

69
Q

Sensory transducers:
Examples of receptors that detect extremes of temperature and pain

A

Nociceptors

70
Q

Pain is associated witht he detection and perception of noxious stimuli, what are neurotransmitters for nociceptors and how is this clinically relevent?

A

substance P
**inhibition of the release of substance P is the basis of pain relief by opioids

71
Q

Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows what rule? Explain

A

dermatome rule
**these sites are innervated by nerves that arise from the same segment of the spinal cord

72
Q

What is the flexor withdrawal reflex?

A

results in flexion on the ipsilateral side and extension on the contraleteral side
**somatosensory & pain afferent fibers elicit withdrawal of the stimulated body part form the noxious stimulus

73
Q

What is the consequence of spinal cord transection at C7?

A

loss of sympathetic tone to the heart
***heart rate and arterial pressure will decreaseWh

74
Q

What is the consequence of a spinal cord lesion at C3?

A

breathing will stop b/c respiratory muscles have been disconnected from control centers of the brain

75
Q

What is the consequence of a spinal cord lesion at C1

A

death occurs

76
Q

What is the cause of decerebrate rigidity?

A

-removal of inhibition from higher centers resulting in excitation of alpha and gamma motoneurons and rigid posture

77
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

-control of balance & eye movement
-planning & initiation of movement
-synergy, which is control of rate, force range and direction of movement

78
Q

Which cells are the only output of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells
**always inhibitory, with the neurotransmitter GABA: y-aminobutyric acid

79
Q

What clinical signs are seen with lesions to the cerebellum?

A

-lack of cordination
-intention tremor– occurs during attempts to perform voluntary movements
-rebound phenomenon–inability to stop a movement

80
Q

What substances freely cross the blood-brain barrier and equilibrate between blood and CSE?

A

lipid-soluble substances (CO2 & O2) and H20

81
Q

What substances are excluded from the CSF because of their large molecular size?

A

protein and cholesterol

82
Q

What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  1. maintains a constant environment for neurons in the CNS & protects the brain from endogenous or exogenous toxins
  2. prevents the escape of neurotransmitters from their functional sites in the CNS into general circulation
83
Q

What are sources of heat generating mechanisms in response to cold?

A

thyroid hormone–> INC metbaolic rate, stim Na, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

sympathetic nervous system– activaiton of beta receptors in brown fat– inc metabolic rate & heat production

shivering– most potent mechanism

84
Q

What are sources of heat loss mechanisms, in response to heat?

A

heat loss by radiation and convection

heat loss by evaporation dep on activity of sweat glands (sympathetic muscarinic control)

85
Q

Which part of the brain sets the core temperature?

A

anterior hypothalamus

86
Q

What causes fever?

A

-pyrogens: interleukin-1 (IL-1)
-prostalgandins

87
Q

How does aspirin reduce fever?

A

inhibiting cyclooxygenase– inhibiting production fo prostaglandins

88
Q

How do steroids reduce fever?

A

blocking release of arachidonic acid from the brain phospholipids

89
Q

Characterize malignant hyperthermia

A

-massive inc in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeletal muscle, which causes a rapid rise in body temperature
**caused by susceptible individuals by inhalation anesthetics

Gen.Exam.Review (7 decks)

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