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BIO218 > FORE205 > Flashcards

FORE205 Flashcards

forestry eng

1
Q

NZ logging

A

Before people arrived, >80% of land was forest.

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2
Q

Devlopments major issue

A

Timber harvesting and extraction has always
been, and still is, a major cost in managing
forests.

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2
Q

Exotic trees nz logging

A

Due to increased demand, exotic trees were then
planted.

Protests started in 1970’s to stop native logging and in
2002 logging on public land stopped

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3
Q

Developments in extarction

A

People to animal
Gravity
Tracks
Waterways
Cable ways
Wire rope
steam donkey
Railroad
Rubber tires

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4
Q

Developments in harvesting

A

Chainsaw
Bulldozer Extraction
BIg wheel

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5
Q

Prioties in forestry

A

Safety and Enviromental

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6
Q

Modern systems

A

Automated cable system
Helicopters

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7
Q

Future

A

Automated Yarder

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8
Q

NZ native forestry

A

Native…
25% of land area. Heritage
values, natural wealth,
environmental benefits

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9
Q

Nz production Forestry

A

Production…
7% Land area in plantations,
90% Pine.

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10
Q

Primary reasons for harvesting

A

Economic and silvicultural goals

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11
Q

Economic goals??

A

timber value, land values

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12
Q

Silvicultural Goal??

A

*Timber stand improvement
*Stand improvements for wildlife, residual stand value, Species manipulations, salvage
* water/snow yields

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13
Q

Harvesting

A

Activity of picking and collecting
crops, or of collecting plants, animals, or fish as food

: any time we take timber from a forest. Collecting implies we
maintain possession of the produce – so cutting a tree down and
leaving it there does not apply (i.e. thinning to waste).

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14
Q

Forms of harvesting

A

Clearfell, Coup harvesting, Group selection, Individual tree selection (mature trees) Production thinning (mature trees )

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15
Q

Non- commercial forestry values

A

▪ Water quality
▪ Reduced soil erosion
▪ Increased bio-diversity
▪ Recreational opportunities

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16
Q

NZ current issues

A

ETS, Harvesting residuals in waterways (slash), terrian

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17
Q

6 Step harvesting process

A
  1. felling 2.processing 3.Extraction 4.Processing 5. Loading 6.transportation
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18
Q

Felling

A

” to sever the tree and bring it down”

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19
Q

Felling considerations

A
  • without reducing the value of the stem
  • in a manner that aids subsequent operations
    (processing or extraction)
  • with minimal impact on the site
  • with minimal impact on
    advanced regeneration
  • with minimal obstructions
    for site preparation
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20
Q

Factors affecting felling

A

▪ Type of Cut
▪ Stand Characteristics
▪ Timber Size
▪ Timber Density
▪ Underbrush
▪ Terrain / Topography
▪ Ground Conditions
▪ Subsequent Operation
▪ Labour Availability
▪ Weather

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21
Q

Felling options motor manual

A

Chainsaw

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22
Q

Chainsaw safety

A
  • Hardhat (helmet)
  • Visor (sunglasses)
  • Earmuffs (hearing protection)
  • High-viz shirt
  • Cut-resistant trousers (chaps)
  • Steel capped (kevlar lined) boots
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23
Q

Chain saw advantage

A

low investment cost
less impacted by site
less impact on site
easy replacement

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24
Q

Chainsaw disadvantage

A

very dangerous
low volume output
labor intensive
possible damage to log (less control)

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25
Q

Felling cuts

A

Conventional, humboldt, open face

26
Q

Felling options: mechanised Advantages

A

▪ more productive
▪ safer
▪ easier on operator
▪ control of tree
▪ higher visibility

27
Q

Felling options: mechanised disadvantages

A

higher capital costs
▪ reduced flexibility
▪ possibly more site impact
▪ affected by site condition (steep, wet)
▪ limited by tree size
▪ more maintenance

28
Q

Felling options: mechanised characteristics

A

▪ Carrier type
▪ Swing-to or Drive-to
▪ Shears, Hotsaw or Chainsaw
▪ Felling-head, Feller-Buncher or Felling
Processing Head

29
Q

Carrier types

A

▪ Tracked machine
▪ Wheeled machine (3 or 4)
▪ Purpose built (harvester)
▪ Excavator base

30
Q

Shears vs Saws
Shears advantage and dis

A

Advantages:
low stumps, low maintenance
Disadvantages:
butt damage, stump pull, offsets,
shatter, barberchair, splits
difficult in hardwoods

31
Q

Shears vs saws
Saws advantage and dis

A

Hot-SAWS
Advantages:
Fast, minimal butt damage
Disadvantages:
higher stumps, large curf
heavier, maintenance

32
Q

Felling head types

A

▪ Felling Head
▪ Simplest, just fells
▪ Feller-Buncher
▪ Can fell & hold multiple trees
▪ Feller-Processor
▪ Can multi-task: fell,
limb and buck

33
Q

De-limbing and function

A

removing the limbs from the stem
TOPPING – cut top at the specified diameter

Both functions: are driven by market destination & should not
degrade the value of the tree

34
Q

Limbing mechanical

A

▪ gate delimbers
▪ delimbing rakes
▪ pull-through delimbers
▪ stroke delimbers
▪ grapple processors
▪ chain flail delimbers

35
Q
A
35
Q

Bucking/ crosscutting

A

– cutting the
tree into logs or bolts.

36
Q

Bucking/ Crosscutting decision determined by….

A

Timber size
market demands
Transportation restrictions

MAXIMISE STEM VALUE

37
Q

Deciding system use

A

Physically feasible
Socially acceptable
Economically viable

38
Q

Extraction (yarding)
Ground-based

A

“Extract timber by moving power machine (or
animal) into, and out of, the stand”

39
Q

Extraction (yarding)
Cable

A

▪ “Extract timber with power machine in stationary
position pulling logs from a distance by means of a
wire rope cable wound on a drum”

40
Q

Extraction (yarding)
Aerial

A

“Extract timber using aerostatic or aerodynamic lift”

41
Q

Ground based system e.g

A
  • Animal
  • Crawler Tractor
  • Rubber-tired tractors (straight frame)
  • Rubber-tired articulated skidders
  • Excavators
  • Forwarders
42
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING THE
SKIDDING / FORWARDING OPERATION

A
  • type of harvest
  • felling method
  • distance
  • tree size
  • volume per hectare
  • terrain
43
Q

Skidding…..

A

moving the tree
from the stump to
the landing with
all or some part of
the tree in contact
with the ground”

44
Q

Skidders advantage

A
  • Most common
  • High production
  • Safe
45
Q

Skidders disadvantage

A
  • High capital and
    running cost
  • Potential for higher
    env. impacts
46
Q

Tractor/ bulldozer advantages

A
  • Robust
  • Steeper slopes (40%)
  • Greater tractive
    efficiency
  • Can make skid trails
47
Q

Tractor/ bulldozer disadvantages

A
  • Slower
  • Potential for higher
    env. impacts
48
Q

Shoveling

A

“lifting the tree from the
stump or bunch, rotating towards the road
or landing and placing the tree in a new
bunch”
(Either by partial or full suspension)

49
Q

Shoveling advantaged

A
  • Simple
  • Steeper slopes (40%)
  • Low cost
  • Low ground disturbance
50
Q

Shoveling Disadvantages

A
  • Slower
  • Best for clear cuts
  • Limited to ≤150m
    (5 swings)
51
Q

Forwarding

A

“moving the tree from the
stump to the landing without the tree
touching the ground”

52
Q

Forwarder advantages

A
  • Lower env. impact
  • Pre-sort in forest
53
Q

Forwarder disadvantegs

A
  • More expensive
  • Lower productivity
54
Q

Agricultural tractor advantage

A
  • low capital cost
  • easy to operate and plan
  • suited for thinning
55
Q

Agricultural tractor disadvantage

A
  • safety (not legal in NZ)
  • low production (20t –
    50t/day)
  • Higher extraction cost
    (approx $25 -$60/ton)
56
Q

Animal systems advantages and disadvatages

A

Advantages
- Perceived to be low impact
- Low capital cost
- Self-regenerating…
Disadvantage
- Working with an animal!
- High maintenance

57
Q

How to improve enviromental performance

A

▪ wide(r) tires
▪ tracks
▪ hydro-seeding
▪ mats
▪ bridges

58
Q

Skidder cycle

A

One ‘turn’ for retrieving a load…
4 phases: Drive out – Accumulate – Return – Unload at
Landing

59
Q

SMH

A

Scheduled Machine Hours (SMH)
- all time machine is scheduled to work

60
Q

PMH

A

Productive Machine Hours (PMH)
- time that the machine actually performs work (primary task)
PMH = SMH – delays
PMH / SMH = % Utilisation

61
Q
A

BIO218 (5 decks)

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