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Joint Diseases of the Hindlimb > Tarsal Joint 1 > Flashcards

Tarsal Joint 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many major joints are within the tarsus?

A

6

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2
Q

What are the 6 tarsal joints?

A

Tarsocrural
Talocalcaneal
Talocalcaneocentral
Calcaneoquartal
Centrodistal
Tarsometatarsal

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3
Q

Which 2 joints for the proximal intertarsal joint?

A

Talocalcaneocentral
Calcaneoquartel

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4
Q

What is the Centro distal joint also known as?

A

Distal intertarsal joint

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5
Q

What is the proximal row of the tarsus composed of? (2)

A

Talus
Calcaenous

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6
Q

Does the talus or calcaneus form an articulation with the tibia + fibula

A

Talus

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7
Q

The fourth tarsal bone spans the distal intertarsal joint from the A) to the B) .

A

A) calcaneus
B) metatarsals

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8
Q

The central tarsal bone articulates with all the other tarsal bones:
A) What does it act as?
B) What is the role?

A

A) Buttress
B) Support the joint

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9
Q

Where does the common calcanean tendon insert?

A

On the tuber calcaneus

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10
Q

Where does the tarsal joint capsule extend from and to?

A

FROM: Distal tibia
TO: Proximal metatarsals

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11
Q

The tarsal joint capsule is thickened on dorsal and plantar aspect - where is it MORE developed?

A

Plantar

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12
Q

The tarsal canal forms from divided plantar fascia and contains:
A) Which tendon sheath?

A

Flexor hallucis longus m

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13
Q

The tarsal canal forms from divided plantar fascia and contains:
Which vasculature?

A

Plantar branches of saphenous a and v

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14
Q

The tarsal canal forms from divided plantar fascia and contains:
Which nerves

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

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15
Q

What is the mediolateral support of the tarsus by?

A

Medial and collateral collateral ligaments

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16
Q

When do the long part of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments provide support?

A

When hock is extended

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17
Q

What are the 2 bands of the short part of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments MEDIALLY?

A

Tibio central
Tibiotalar

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18
Q

What are the 2 bands of the short part of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments LATERALLY?

A

Calcaneofibular
Talofibular

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19
Q

Which short parts of the medial/lateral collateral ligaments provide support in extension?

A

Tibiocentral
Calcaneofibular

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20
Q

Which short parts of the medial/lateral collateral ligaments provide support in flexion?

A

Tibiotarsal
Talofibular

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21
Q

Plantar ligaments are important stabilisers of which aspect?

A

Plantar

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22
Q

What are the 3 major components of the plantar ligament?

A

Medial
Lateral
Middle plantar

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23
Q

Tarsal ROM in dogs:
A) Flexion?
B) Extension?

A

A) 39
B) 164

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24
Q

Tarsal ROM in cats:
A) Flexion?
B) Extension?

A

A) 22
B) 167

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25
Q

“The common calcanean tendon should be palpated from the musculotendinous junction proximally to the calcaneus distally.” Is this true or false?

A

True

26
Q

How should the common calcanean tendon appear on CE?

A
  • Well define
  • Non painful
  • Taught when weight beairng
27
Q

What are the minimum xray views that should be taken of the tarsus?

A

mediolateral and extended plantarodorsal projections

28
Q

Other than xrays:
Other possible tarsus investigations? (3)

A

CT
Synoviocentesis (tarsal arthroscopy challenging)
MRI

29
Q

Where is the incision on the Medial Approach to the Tarsal Joint?

A

Curved;
Centred over medial part of talocrural joint from the distal 4th - distal metatarsal joint

30
Q

What is Exposed after incision of the subcutaneous and crural fasciae on the Medial Approach to the Tarsal Joint?

A

the medial ridge of the talus

31
Q

Where/how is the joint capsule incised on the Medial Approach to the Tarsal Joint?

A

Parallel to the collateral ligament and distal on the talar neck.

32
Q

on the Medial Approach to the Tarsal Joint how is the plantar aspect accessed?

A

Incision of the joint capsule plantar to the collateral ligament

33
Q

on the Medial Approach to the Tarsal Joint how can the tendons of the tibial caudalis and deep digital flexor muscles be protected?

A

By incising the overlying medial retinacular tissues parallel to the tendons.

34
Q

How is the skin incision made on the Lateral Approach to the Tarsal Joint?

A

Make a curved skin incision over the lateral surface of the talocrural joint from the lateral saphenous vein to the tarsometatarsal joint.

35
Q

Where are the the fascia (subcutaneous and crural) and the extensor retinaculum incised with Lateral Approach to the Tarsal Joint?

A

Parallel to the dorsal border of the fibularis longus tendon.

36
Q

On the Lateral Approach to the Tarsal Joint how is the joint capsule incised to approach the lateral trochlear ridge?

A

With the tarsal joint in extension dorsal and parallel to the collateral ligament

37
Q

On the Lateral Approach to the Tarsal Joint how is the joint capsule incised to approach the [plantar aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge

A

tarsal joint in flexion after retracting the fibularis brevis and lateral digital extensor muscle

38
Q

Lateral Approach to the Tarsal Joint involves elevation of the lateral extensor retinaculum; you must take care to preserve..?

A

short, deep part of the lateral collateral ligament.

39
Q

How common is the tarsus for OCD lesions in dogs/cats?

A

3rd most common

40
Q

Osteochondrosis of the tarsus most commonly involves the A) ridge of the talus, although the B) ridge of the talus is occasionally affected.

A

A) Caudomedial
B) Lateral

41
Q

Breeds most commonly effected by OCD of the tarsus? (3)

A

Rottweiler
Labrador
Bull terrier

42
Q

Age of presentation with OCD?

A

5-9mo (although can be missed so seen for 2ry OA)

43
Q

There is evidence of hereditary aetiology of tarsal OCD in which breed?

A

Rottweiler

44
Q

What do owners frequently report with tarsus OCD?

A

The patient is stiff in the morning, or after rest, and that the lameness worsens after exercise.

45
Q

Dogs with osteochondrosis of the talus have been reported to have what clinical finding with the tarsus?

A

Hyperextended

46
Q

OCD of the tarsus :
Where is there often swelling?

A

Caudomedial tarsocrural joint

47
Q

Tarsus OCD:
What is found with flexion?(2)

A

Reduced
Forced flexion - pain

48
Q

Common tarsus OCD clinical findings?

A

Crepitus (flex + extend)
Joint effusion
Periarticular swelling
Reduced ROM

49
Q

Why should both tarsal joint be xrayed?

A

Bilateral dx - common

50
Q

On the plantarodorsal projection; what is normally seen? (2)

A

-Flattened medial trochlear ridge
- Increase medial tarso crural joint space

51
Q

OCD where are osteophytes normally evident on plantar dorsal view?

A

Medial aspect of the talus

52
Q

OCD in the tarsus - what can be seen on the mediolateral projection?(2)

A

Flattening of the trochlear ridge
Osteophytes evident at the caudal aspect of the distal tibia.

53
Q

On the mediolateral projection; where may a mineralised fragment may, in some cases?

A

Caudal and proximal to talus

54
Q

Why is OCD of the lateral talar ridge more difficult to diagnose?

A

Superimposition of calcaneous

55
Q

IS CT required for diagnosis of osteochondrosis of the medial talar ridge?

A

Can be used for early identification of the lesion but is not normally required

56
Q

When is CT superior for detecting OCD of talar ridge?

A

Lateral edge

57
Q

When is removal of an OCD lesions recommended?
Via what procedure?

A

Young dogs (10-12mo)
- Arthroscopy or arthrotomy

58
Q

In older dogs with OA; what is the treatment ?

A

Medical management (e.g. exercise restriction followed by exercise modification, NSAIDs, body weight control) can be recommended in older dogs with established osteoarthritis.

59
Q

What procedure can be considered in dogs with intractable pain or lameness due to the secondary osteoarthritis?

A

Pantarsal arthrodesis

60
Q

Prognosis for talar osteochondrosis?

A

guarded as most dogs remain lame

61
Q

True or false:
In older dogs, removal of the Talar OCD flap often results in no improvement at all.

A

True

62
Q

Why are many clinicians are moving away from surgery and treating all dogs with tarsal osteochondrosis non-surgically?

A

Osteoarthritis progresses despite surgery

Joint Diseases of the Hindlimb (10 decks)

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