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Anthropology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core elements of culture

A

culture is -shared
-learned
-symbolic
-adaptive
-patterned

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2
Q

cultures are not…

A

monolithic
-it is made up of multiple arenas that teach shared behavior and knowledge

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3
Q

what is a misunderstanding about cultures that inter-marry

A

-certain cultural traits are directly linked to genetic or racial qualities

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4
Q

culture is also not…

A

instinctive and inherited

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5
Q

How do cultural anthropologist gain their data?

A

Ethnographic field work by living with different cultures

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6
Q

what do cultural anthropologists do

A

study cultural patterns and variations in living human societies…HOW?
-participant observation
-interviews and surveys
-ethnohistoric research
-cross-cultural comparison

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7
Q

what is participant observation

A

-becoing part of the setting and becoming the participant
-requires the researcher to be involved in the activities of the people

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8
Q

what is the goal of participant observation

A

identify the rules and meanings that govern relationships and actions in the setting

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9
Q

what does field work include

A

-detailed decription of events
-examination of everyday events
-done in a natural setting (no lab)
-Comparative method(informal/formal & official/unofficial)
-building empathy

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10
Q

what is colonialism

A

a social system in which political conquest by one society over another leads to cultural domination with preferred social change

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10
Q

what are surveys and interviews

A

method used to gain info about the society being studied
-tends to be one on one and informal/intimate

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11
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

believing one’s culture is better than anothers

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12
Q

when did the world primarily begin to change

A

during european expansion 15th and 16th century

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13
Q

why was european colonialis different from other periods of state expansion?

A

-the scale was huge and evolved the entire world
-spread captialism (new way of organizing resources)

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14
Q

what two phases did the european conquest of non-western societies?

A

Spain, Portugal,Netherlands
-created tributary empires integrated by merchant capitism

England and france
-created empires based on industrial capitalism

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14
Q

what is capitalism

A

-economic sytem dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called “the market”; an entire way of life that grew in response to and in service of that market

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15
Q

what is commodization

A

the process by which goods, services and resources take on economic value

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16
Q

how is european capitalism different

A

-memebers of non-european societies saw not only their products but their resources turned into commodities for sale on the capitalist market

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17
Q

examples of capitalism

A

-land becomes real estate
-ideas becomes copyrights
-objects becomes inventory

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18
Q

what are states interested in

A

the extraction of wealth from their colonies not producing wealth within those areas

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19
Q

why has political independece made little economic differences

A

powerful states continue to extract wealth even after former colonies are set free

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20
Q

what is the relationship between globalization and colonialization

A

Globalization -the expansion of COMMUNICATION links between different regions: colonialism was the expansion of both POWER and TERRITORY

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21
Q

What two models explain why inequality was first created during the time of colonialization and continues today through globalization

A

dependency and world system theory

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22
Q

what is dependency theory

A

-argues that dependent colonies continue to change their economic structures to meet demands generated outside of their borders
-argues that richest nations create underdevelopment (& dependecy) in formerly prosperous areas

ex.) land that could be used to raise food crops for local consumption are planted with flowers or bananas or coffee for export

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23
Q

what is the end result of the dependence theory

A

-through continuous extraction of wealth from past colonies, dependecy may increase
-With globalization the basic relationships DO NOT CHANGE, poor nations stay poor and the rich get richer by extracting things from them

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24
Q

what is the world system theory

A

focuses more on institutions of capitalism like banking, finance and indiustrial prodcution

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25
Q

What are core nations according to world trade

A

the united states and majority of the northern part of America
-they continue to exploit the periphery, draining off its wealth to support highly skilled labor and a high standard of living

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26
Q

what is sex?

A

biological catergory based on dan, organs, etc.

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27
Q

what is social construction?

A

an idea that has been created by the people in a society

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27
Q

what is gender?

A

socially constructed roles, behaviors, and activities assosciated with biological sex

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28
Q

how is gender a social construction?

A

the characteristics and traits that each culture marks as differentiating between men and women, behaviors, looks, emotions, tasks, etc

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29
Q

what are gender roles

A

includes sets of social and behavioral norms actions, and personality traits that are considered appropriate for individuals of a specific sex

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30
Q

what is gender stratification?

A

a ranking between the sexes in societies based on gender

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31
Q

what is a matriarchy

A

system where women hold the authority and positions of dominance

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32
Q

what is a patriarchy

A

system where men hold positions of dominance and privilege

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33
Q

why is the U.S patriarchal

A

males earn more than females, they have better access to political power, and the major god is male

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33
Q

what supports gender stratification

A

gender roles

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34
Q

why do we see these division of labor in most societies

A

strength theory, compatibility with child care theory, economy of effort theory, expendability theory

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35
Q

what is the strength theory

A

males do certain activities that require physical labor because they have greater strength

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36
Q

what is the compatibility with child care theory

A

Women’s tasks are related to childcare because of breast feeding

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37
Q

what is the economy of effort theory

A

tasks are divided by gender based on which tasks that are based on a production sequence performed near each other ex. women cook because they are near the home and men do woodworking because they also cut lumber

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38
Q

what is the expendability theory

A

men tend to do the more dangerous tasks because the loss of men is less disadvantageous reproductively than the loss of women

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39
Q

why do men in many societies have a lower social status than in others?

A

-men will have higher status where warfare is important
- they will have higher status when there are centralized political hierarchies
-higher status in intensive agriculture

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40
Q

how are gender roles effected by increased stratification through time

A

there is a huge shift through time from bands- states ( tribes-17 percent contributed to labor and in chiefdoms 87 percent of males contributed to labor)

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41
Q

why is there a reduction of social power for women as centralized political hierarchies and intensive agriculture increase?

A

women’s roles become more associated with activities of the house

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42
Q

how are families useful in athropology

A

studying families and households can help discover differences in various cultures

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43
Q

what is a bilateral kinship

A

you are related to both your mother’s and your father’s sides (this is how many of us see the world)

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44
Q

patrilineal

A

descent through the male line

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45
Q

matrilineal

A

descent through the female line

46
Q

what are the two different kinds of marriages?

A

arranged and love marriages

46
Q

why is marriage universal?

A

-enables gendered division of labor (who works more)

  • allows us to take care of infants
  • creates role models for children
  • minimizes sexual competition(spend less time dating
  • can be part of economic exchange and alliance formation(think of prince and princesses)
47
Q

what is monogamy

A

marrriage between two people

48
Q

what is heterosexual monogamy

A

man and women

49
Q

what is homosexual monogamy

A

marriage with the same sex ex. woman and woman

50
Q

what is exogamy

A

only allowing marriages outside of the group

51
Q

what is incest taboo

A

restrictions against marrying close family

52
Q

what is endogamy

A

only allowing marriages inside of the group

53
Q

what are parallel cousins

A

children of your mother’s sister or your father’s brother

54
Q

what are cross cousins

A

children of your mother’s brother or your father’s sister

55
Q

what was the most common form of marriage in the world throughout history

A

cross cousin marriage

56
Q

what is the advantage of cross cousin marriage

A

allows you to marry someone who is technically outside of your immediate family but whose fmaily you know very well

57
Q

what are single parent families

A

one parent and their unmarried children

58
Q

what are nuclear families

A

two parents and their unmarried children

59
Q

what are extended familes

A

one or two parents and their unmarried children plus one or more additional family member

60
Q

Joint families

A

two parents, their sons, their sons’ wives, and all of the unmarried children of their sons

61
Q

patrilocal

A

a married couple that lives with the husband’s parents

62
Q

matriocal

A

-married couple that lives with the wife’s parents

62
Q

neolocal

A

a married couple finds a new residence seperate from both parents

63
Q

what is the most important goal of religion

A

to gain control over the uncontrollable

64
Q

animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects have super powers and it is the oldest and long lasting form of religious beliefs

65
Q

monotheism

A

the belied in the existence of one god ex christianity, islam, and judaism

66
Q

polytheism

A

the worship of many gods

67
Q

what are features that ALL religions share

A

-connects us to supernatural realm
-provides answers for the unknown
-creates solidarity and identity with a group
-helps control our actions

68
Q

religions provide

A

-fundamental belifs
-communal practices
-psychological connection

69
Q

why do politics and religion mix well together

A

-makes it hard for people to rebel
-creates moral combination
-legitimizes political power

70
Q

what is the earliest evidence for religion?

A

100k years ago human remains were stained with red ochre in a cave in Israel
- there is also evidence that neanderthals buried their dead

71
Q

what actions are typical of religious activities

A

prayer, physiological exercise, mana etc.

72
Q

what item dates back animistic beliefs

A

the lion man that is the oldest known animal shaped sculpture that dates 40kBC

73
Q

what is prayer

A

a way of connecting with supernatural forces

74
Q

what are physiological exercises

A

-physically manipulating physiological states to induce a spiritual state through euphoria, hallucination
ex.) drugs, sensory deprivation, deprivation of food,water, chanting/singing

75
Q

what is mana

A

an impersonal supernatural power that is sometimes believed to be transferable form an object that contains it to one that does not
ex.) touching a cross/ traveling to scared places to be healed

76
Q

what is exhortation

A

-people who are believed to have a closer relation to the supernatural and are expected use their gifts to give orders, heal,threated,comfort
ex.)the pope

77
Q

taboo(religion)

A

objects or people that may not be touched or actions that cannot be done

78
Q

feasts(religion)

A

eating and drinking in a religious context

79
Q

sacrifice/offerings

A

giving something of value to the invisible forces in order to influence them or gain merit

80
Q

what contagious magic

A

-where there needs to be a phsysical link between the caster and the person who recieves it. ex.) a spell that needs the person’s hair, clothing, or fingernails

80
Q

what is magic

A

-belief that controls visible/invisible world for different reasons
-it explains ilness, accidents, or the unexpected

81
Q

what is the difference between religion and magic

A

-magic is an act that manipulates in order to get an outcome
-religion is am appeal

82
Q

what is imitative magic

A

-where people will imitate an action in hopes of producing it. ex.) voodoo doll

83
Q

where does magic come from?

A

from positive events

84
Q

who among us can deal with the supernatural

A

priest, shamans, etc

85
Q

what are shamans

A

-they exist in almost all societies
-involved in healing, works one to one
-part time specialist
-speaks with spirit world through trances

86
Q

why are priests shamans so common?

A

-b/c the supernatural is remote and we need their knowledge to help us contact those unseen and far away forces

86
Q

what are priests

A

-full time specialists
-serve large congregations
distinguished by special clothing/speech/actions
-appeal to god(s) through performed rituals
-common in chiefdoms and larger societies

87
Q

how do we overcome the time and space that separates us from supernatural powers

A

-by holding rituals to create a special place where contact with the supernatural is more likely
ex.) altars

88
Q

what are rituals

A

series of formal actions meant to interact with the supernatural

89
Q

in chiefdom and state societies, who controls the rituals?

A

a religious class which is frequently synonymous with political power

90
Q

why do all cultures have religions?

A

To change uncertainties into certainties

91
Q

why do all cultures have rites of passage?

A

-people constatly change
-new ways of new identities are defined and announced
-set of rules to guide our social transformation form one identity to another

92
Q

what are the rites of passage

A

-who we are in society
-how we should act
-what responsiblilities we carry
-control dangerous transition periods when status in the community changes

93
Q

example of common rites of passage

A

training(military)
graduations
marriages

94
Q

What is period of seperation

A

an even or action that separates the individual from a normal life

94
Q

what are the stages of rites of passage

A

period of separation
-period of liminality/ transition/isolation
-re-incorporation

95
Q

what is period of liminality/transition/isolation

A

time of ordeals and training and the faining specail knowledge

96
Q

what is period of reincorporation

A

individuals are reintroduced in society in their new social position

97
Q

why do we have rites of passage and why are they controlled by rituals

A

because of religion

98
Q

revitilization

A

return to an older time

99
Q

messianic

A

the coming forth of a religous leader (think messiah)

100
Q

millennial

A

the end of an era

101
Q

Taqui Ongoy

A

Molina wrote that “in the yrs 1150-150 there was a movement among the Indians and T.O was a song meaning sick dance

101
Q

why do we care about movements?

A

-they occur in all cultures
-if we study revitilization movements, we can gain insight into the human condition and origins of some religions

102
Q

During Rev. Movements ther is a hope for?

A

-new social order and salvation

103
Q

Salvation will (rev. movement)

A

-be collective to the followers
- come by its own means
-total transformation
-involve supernatural powers

103
Q

what do the revitilizatin movements (cargo and ghost dance) have in common?

A

-crisis:colonization
-mediating force: local leader
-promises: new order or religious solution

104
Q

What two movements were not successful and are barely remembered?

A

the Ghost Dance and Taki Unquy

105
Q

what is the 1978 Jonestown massacre

A

-event where over 900 memners of People Temple led by Jim JOnes died in mass murder by intaking cyanide-laced punch in Guyana, South America

106
Q

what is the largest empire to developnment in the ancient world

A

roman empire

106
Q

what do revitilization movements offer

A

a radical and religious solution to the current situation

107
Q

if the social movement is successful, it can become an

A

established religion

108
Q

if a cult is successful it might be called

A

a social movement

Anthropology (3 decks)

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