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PSYC 337 (psychopathology) > ASPD and psychopathy > Flashcards

ASPD and psychopathy Flashcards

1
Q

how did Cleckley originally describe psychopathy in the 1940s?

A
  • behavioural features: impulsivity, antisocial behaviour, sexual deviancy, irresponsibility
  • affective and interpersonal traits: egocentricity, superficial charm, lack of empathy
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2
Q

in which version of the DSM was ASPD first introduced? how did its criteria differ from Cleckley’s original conceptualization of the disorder?

A
  • DSM-III
  • focused exclusively on behavioural criteria as a way of improving diagnostic reliability (did away with interpersonal/affective traits)
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3
Q

what is the DSM-V criteria for ASPD?

A
  1. person repeatedly disregards the rights of others in 3+ ways
  2. person is at least 18 years old, and showed signs of conduct disorder before age 15
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4
Q

what are the main characteristics of conduct disorder?

A
  • aggression towards people and animals
  • destruction of property
  • deceitfulness and theft
  • serious violation of rules
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5
Q

what are the possible specifiers associated with a diagnosis of conduct disorder?

A
  1. childhood onset type (prior to age 10) vs adolescent onset type (no symptoms prior to age 10)
  2. with limited prosocial emotions
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6
Q

what is the gender difference regarding conduct disorder diagnosis?

A
  • 4x more common in boys
  • girls often diagnosed at a later age
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7
Q

who first introduced the idea that psychopathy and criminality are not synonymous

A

Cleckley

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8
Q

what is the PCL? who came up with it?

A
  • Robert Hare (elaborated on Cleckley’s ideas)
  • 20-item checklist, in which each item can score between 0 and 2
  • with a max of 40 possible points, someone with 30+ can considered a psychopath
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9
Q

what is the main criticism of the PCL?

A

focuses on hostile and aggressive aspects without really touching on the person’s lack of anxiety in these situations

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10
Q

what are the two factors in the PCL that are delineated based on covariation of items?

A
  • factor 1: emotional-interpersonal
  • factor 2: behavioural deviance
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11
Q

in Patrick’s study on male prison inmates, what % met criteria for ASPD? what about psychopathy based on the PCL?

A
  • 70-80% met criteria for ASPD
  • 25-30% met criteria for psychopathy
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12
Q

what % of female inmates are estimated to meet criteria for psychopathy based on the PCL?

A

9-13%

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13
Q

what is the prevalence of ASPD?

A

0.2-3%

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14
Q

according to Hare, what is the prevalence of psychopathy in North America?

A

1%

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15
Q

what prenatal factors contribute to development of ASPD?

A
  1. low birth weight
  2. malnutrition during pregnancy (protein deficiency)
  3. lead poisoning
  4. mother’s use of nicotine, marijuana, alcohol, or other substances
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16
Q

what 3 types of genetic pathways may contribute to ASPD?

A
  1. direct: genes lead to difficult temperament, impulsivity, tendency to seek rewards, insensitivity to punishment
  2. moderated: genes may moderate susceptibility to environmental risk factors
  3. gene-environment correlation: genes increase likelihood for a child’s exposure to environmental risk factors
17
Q

what is the link between the MAOA gene and ASPD/psychopathy?

A
  • MAOA gene degrades amine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin), increasing risk of psychological disorders
  • acts as a diathesis, which, when paired with childhood maltreatment, can lead to aggression and criminal behaviour in adulthood
18
Q

what are the three possible gene-environment correlations contributing to high PCL scores?

A
  1. passive: parents high on PCL lack resources to cope with difficult children, leading to inconsistent discipline
  2. active: antisocial individuals prefer to associate with others who are similar, and miss opportunities to learn positive prosocial behaviours
  3. evocative/reactive: early criminality/drug use due to genetic predisposition can eliminate future opportunities
19
Q

according to Cadoret et al, what gene environment interaction for ASPD is shown in adoption studies?

A
  • adopted children of bio parents with ASPD were more likely to adopt antisocial traits
  • but they were even more likely to develop them if they were also exposed to an adverse environment in their adopted family
20
Q

what are the possible mechanisms behind the relationship between poverty/neighbourhood crime and delinquency?

A
  • social cause: living in poverty increases rates of delinquency
  • social selection hypothesis: people living with psychopathology drift down to poverty
21
Q

according to Cleckley, what is the main difference between psychopaths and other antisocial individuals?

A

psychopaths experience an incapacity for love

PSYC 337 (psychopathology) (8 decks)

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