quiz 2 Flashcards
TEACUP
A theory must be (T)estable, have non-artifical (E)vidence, be (A)pplicable, have clearly defined (C)onstructs, be (U)nbiased, and (P)redict behavior
Schaller study
The aim of Schaller’s study was to see how group membership would lead to stereotyping. The study involved splitting participants into group A, group B, and the control group. Each group received a booklet containing an equal amount of positive and negative traits towards group A and group B. Then, they were given a test where they were asked to rank each group out of 10 points based on each trait. The results found that the control group had an overall more positive evaluation for the other groups than group A and group B did.
Linville and Jones study
The aim of Linville and Jones’ study was to find out how people evaluate in-group members versus out-group members. The study involved giving the participants a list of traits to assign to either members of their in-group or out-group. The results found that people perceive out-groups more similarly than their in-group.
Hillard and Liben study
The aim of Hillard and Liben’s study was to determine how social category salience plays a role in the development of stereotypes. The study involved children completing a pre-test to determine the extent to which they subscribed to gender stereotypes. Then, in the high salience condition, children were exposed to gender specific language. In the low salience condition, children were exposed to little to no gender specific language. The results from the post-test found that in the low salience condition, gender stereotypes did not significantly increase, whereas in the high salience condition, gender stereotypes did significantly increase.
Steele and Aronson study
The aim of Steele and Aronson’s study was to see how stereotypes affect test performance in African Americans. The study involved administering a test to Black and White participants. In the first condition, the focus of the test was on verbal ability. In the second condition, the focus of the test was on problem solving. The results found that African Americans did poorly compared to the white participants when they were told they were being tested on verbal ability. However, they did equally as well as white participants when they were told they were being tested on their problem-solving skills.
Payne study
The aim of Payne’s study was to test how stereotyping can affect one’s ability to recognize whether an item is a weapon or not. The study involved participants completing a timed test where they identified tools versus weapons with either a Black male or white male holding them. The results found that the participants were more likely to misidentify a tool as a gun when the person holding it was Black.
Enculturation
Enculturation is the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values.
Fagot study
In Fagot’s study, researchers observed the behavior of parents as their children acted “gender appropriately” and “gender inappropriately”. The results found that the parents reacted more favorably to the child when its behavior was “gender appropriate”. The parents were more likely to give negative responses to “gender inappropriate” behavior. Follow up interviews indicated that the behavior of the parents was often subconscious.
Wood study
The aim of Wood’s study was to examine gender role enculturation as a result of parenting and toy selection. The procedure involved matching an adult to a child where the adult was either the child’s own parent, a parent of another child, or a non-parent. The adult and the child had multiple play sessions where there were 5 “boy” toys, 5 “girl” toys, and 5 gender neutral toys. The toys the adult chose for the specific child was recorded. The results found that adults were more likely to choose masculine toys when playing with boys, however there was greater flexibility in the toys chosen when the adults played with girls.
