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Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The Respiratory System

A

All cells utilize O2 and give off CO2

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2
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • supply O2 and dispose of CO2
  • vocalization
  • olfaction
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3
Q

what’s the equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12)6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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4
Q

What are the four processes of the respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transportation of Respiratory Gases
  4. Internal Respiration
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5
Q

1st process of respiration

A

Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing): inspiration and expiration
- air moving in and out of lungs

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6
Q

2nd process of respiration

A

External Respiration:
- O2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood
- CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs

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7
Q

3rd process of respiration

A

Transportation of Respiratory Gases:
- completed by the cardiovascular system - blood is the vehicle

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8
Q

Which two are part of the respiratory system

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
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9
Q

Which two are part of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Transportation of Respiratory Gases
  2. Internal Respiration
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10
Q

Major Organs

A
  • Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi + Branches
  • Lungs + Alveoli
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11
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

nose –> Larynx

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12
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx –> alveoli

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13
Q

Upper respiratory system (URS)

A

part of the “conducting zone”
- fairly-rigid conduits down to the microscopic sites of gas exchange
- functions to warm, humidify, and filter air

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14
Q

Functions of the Nose

A
  • provides an airway
  • moistens and warms entering air
  • filters/cleans entering air
  • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors
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15
Q

two regions of the Nose

A
  1. external nose
  2. nasal cavity
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16
Q

what is the external nose created by

A

Created by the nasal, frontal, and maxillary bones + hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

location of the nasal cavity

A

within and posterior to the external nose - divided by nasal septum

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18
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A

contains olfactory epithelium will smell receptors

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19
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

lines the remainder of the nasal cavity
- pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
- mucus and serous secretions contains lysozyme and defenses
- cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to the throat for swallowing/digestion
- inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
- a rich supply of sensory nerve endings will trigger a sneeze upon contact with infants

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20
Q

Nasal Conchae

A
  • 3 Conchae protrude medially from each lateral wall of the cavity - superior, middle, and inferior
  • covered in mucosa
  • increase mucosal surface area and turbulence for enhanced warming/filtering
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21
Q

Nasal meatus

A

the groove inferior to each concha

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22
Q

inhalation

A

air is filtered, warmed, moistened

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23
Q

exhalation

A

heat and moisture are reclaimed

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24
Q

paranasal sinus

A

from a ring around the nasal cavity
- located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones

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25
Q

functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • lighten the skull
  • give resonance to the voice
  • produce mucus/warm and moisten the air
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26
Q

Pharynx

A
  • a muscular tube from the base of the skull to C6
  • connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
  • composed of skeletal muscle
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27
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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28
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • passageway for air posterior to the nasal cavity
  • lined by pseudo stratified, columnar epithelium
  • soft palate and uvula close the nasopharynx during swallowing
  • the posterior walls contain the pharyngeal tonsils
  • protected by the tubal tonsils
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29
Q

Pharyngotympanic tubes

A

drain the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure

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30
Q

oropharnyx

A
  • passageway for food and air - exists from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
  • mined by more protective, stratified, squamous epithelium
  • the paired palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls
  • the lingual tonsils exists on the posterior surface of tongue
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31
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • passageway for food and air
  • lined by stratified, squamous epithelium
  • posterior to the upright epiglottis.larynx extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage
  • continuous with the esophagus
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32
Q

Larynx

A

“voice box”
- attaches to the hyoid bone and extends from C3 to C6
- continuous with the trachea
- structurally, an intricate arrangement of 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
- except for the epiglottis, all cartilage is hyaline cartilage

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33
Q

functions of the larynx

A
  • provides a patent airways
  • routes air and food into the proper channels
  • produces sound/vocalization - houses the vocal folds
34
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

large, shaped like a shield
- laryngeal prominence = the adam’s apple
- secondary to the secretion of sex hormones during puberty, it is typically larger in males

35
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

ring-shaped
- three small, paired cartilages from the posterior and lateral walls
- Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate

36
Q

Whatcartilage makes up the Epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

37
Q

cough reflex

A

triggered by anything other than air entering the airway

38
Q

vocal ligaments

A

deep to the laryngeal mucosa, attach Arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage, from the core to the vocal folds

39
Q

vocal folds

A

true vocal cords
- vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up
- lack blood vessels and appear pearly white
- Glottis: the opening between the vocal folds

40
Q

vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords
- lie superiorly to the vocal folds
- play no part in sound production
- assist in closing the glottis during swallowing

41
Q

speech

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

42
Q

what aspect of speech production is determined by length/tension of the vocal cords

A

vocal pitch

43
Q

volume

A

determined by force of air – no vibrations with a whisper

44
Q

enunciation

A

determined by the activity of the muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

45
Q

sphincter function

A

vocal folds can as as a sphincter to prevent air passage during the valsalva maneuver

46
Q

Trachea

A

“windpipe”
- extends from the larynx down to the mediastinum

47
Q

trachea is composed of three layers

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. adventitia
48
Q

Mucosa

A

ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

49
Q

Submucosa

A

connective tissue with seromucous glands

50
Q

Adventitia

A

connective tissue, encases 16 to 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

51
Q

Tracheas cartilaginous rings

A

The trachea is flexible enough to move inferiorly and stretch during inspiration and recoil during exhalation; the cartilage rings prevent collapse

The posterior surface of the tracheal rings are connected by the smooth muscle trachealis – allows the esophagus to expand when food is swallowed

52
Q

Carina

A

projects posteriorly from the inner surface of the last tracheal cartilage, marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi

53
Q
A
54
Q

List out the divisions of the bronchial tree starting with trachea and ending with alveoli

A
  1. Trachea
  2. left and right main bronchi
  3. lobar bronchi
  4. tertiary bronchi
  5. bronchioles
  6. terminal bronchioles
  7. respiratory bronchioles
  8. alveolar ducts
  9. alveolar sacs
  10. alveoli
55
Q
A
56
Q

How many lobar/secondary bronchi do you have?

A

5 total
3 - right
2 - left

57
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

the smallest bronchioles, less than .5mm in diameter

58
Q

respiratory zone

A

defined by the presence of thin-walled air sacs called alveoli: begins when the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles

59
Q
A
60
Q

External surfaces of the alveoli are densely covered with…

A

pulmonary capillaries

61
Q

respiratory membrane

A

alveolar and capillary walls + their fused basement membranes
- only about .5um thick – gases are exchanged by simple diffusion

62
Q

Alveolar walls are made of what?

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells called type I alveolar cells
- sheet of tissue paper is 15x thicker

63
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

alveolar walls are made of a single layer of squamous epithelial tissues

64
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

scattered, cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

65
Q

Surfactant

A

fluid that contains a detergent-like substance; coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

66
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

crawl freely along the internal alveolar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and other debris

67
Q
A
68
Q

Alveolar pores

A

openings that connect adjacent alveoli
- equalize air pressure throughout the lung
- allow for re-routing in the event of collapsed/diseased alveoli

69
Q

Apex

A

lung’s superior tip, deep to the clavicle

70
Q

Base

A

lung’s inferior surface, rests on the diaphragm

71
Q

Hilum

A

on the mediastinal surface; site of entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

72
Q

Cardiac Notch (left lung)

A

the concavity/impression of the heart

73
Q

Oblique fissure (left lung)

A

separates the superior and inferior lobes

74
Q

horizontal fissure (right lung)

A

separated superior and middle lobes

75
Q

pleurae

A

thin, double layered serosa

76
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic wall, superior surface of the diaphragm, around the heart, and between the lungs

77
Q

Visceral pleura

A

linens the external surface of the lungs

78
Q

pleural cavity

A

slit-like space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

79
Q

pleural fluid

A

produced by the pleurae, fills the cavity
- provides both lubrication and surface tension

80
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleurae - causes increased friction
- results from pneumonia
symptom: stabbing pain with breath

  • as disease progresses, extra fluid is produced - friction and pain are reduced. but pressure is exerted on the lungs
81
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, can sometimes be drained

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