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AP PSYCH > UNIT 6 (CH 9) > Flashcards

UNIT 6 (CH 9) Flashcards

1
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

A

habituation

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2
Q

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

schema

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3
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

assimilation

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4
Q

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

accommodation

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5
Q

Piaget’s theory - a child learns language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (2 to 6-7)

A

preoperational stage

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6
Q

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

A

conservation

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7
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentrism

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8
Q

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

A

theory of mind

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9
Q

Piaget’s theory - cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (6-7 to 11)

A

concrete operational stage

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10
Q

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

A

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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11
Q

the fear of strangers - happens around 8 months

A

stranger anxiety

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12
Q

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

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13
Q

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

A

critical period

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14
Q

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

A

imprinting

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15
Q

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

A

self-concept

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16
Q

the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

A

gender

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17
Q

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

A

aggression

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18
Q

found in both men and women - females have 2 X chromosomes; males have one

A

X chromosome

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19
Q

only found in males - when paried with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

A

Y chromosome

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20
Q

the most important of the male sex hormones

A

testosterone

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21
Q

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

A

primary sex characteristics

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22
Q

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

A

secondary sex characteristics

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23
Q

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

A

identity

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24
Q

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

A

social identity

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25
Q

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

A

emerging adulthood

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26
Q

the fertilized egg

A

zygote

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27
Q

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

A

embryo

28
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

29
Q

agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

teratogens

30
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

31
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

A

maturation

32
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

33
Q

Piaget’s theory - infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (birth - 2)

A

sensorimotor stage

34
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

object permanence

35
Q

Piaget’s theory - cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (begins around 12)

A

formal operational stage

36
Q

a person’s characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity

A

temperament

37
Q

Erikson - a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

A

basic trust

38
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

role

39
Q

a set of expected behaviors for males and for females

A

gender roles

40
Q

our sense of being male or female

A

gender identity

41
Q

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

gender typing

42
Q

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

A

social learning theory

43
Q

the transition from childhood to adulthood - puberty to independence

A

adolescence

44
Q

period of sexual maturation - capable of reproducing

A

puberty

45
Q

the first menstraul period

A

menarche

46
Q

Erikson - ability to form close, loving relationships - late adolescence and early adulthood

A

intimacy

47
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

A

menopause

48
Q

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

cross-sectional study

49
Q

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

longitudinal study

50
Q

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

crystallized intelligence

51
Q

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

fluid intelligence

52
Q

the culturally perferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

social clock

53
Q

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

A

scaffold

54
Q

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

A

strange situation

55
Q

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

A

secure attachment

56
Q

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

A

insecure attachment

57
Q

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

A

sex

58
Q

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

A

relational aggression

59
Q

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

A

androgyny

60
Q

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

A

transgender

61
Q

first ejaculation

A

spermarche

62
Q

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

A

Intersex

63
Q

sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV, resulting in damage to the immune system - depletes the immune system. leaving a person vulnerable to inflection

A

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

64
Q

our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

A

sexual orientation

65
Q

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

A

neurocognitive disorders

66
Q

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

A

Alzheimer’s disease

AP PSYCH (9 decks)

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