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AP PSYCH (swapped) > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psycholgoy (1)should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without references to mental processes

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

in CC, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the US

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4
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

inCC, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

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5
Q

conditioned response

A

inCC, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

inCC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR

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7
Q

acquisition

A

the intial stage in CC when one links a stimulus and an US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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8
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) CS

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9
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a CR; occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced

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10
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

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11
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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12
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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13
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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14
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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15
Q

operant chamber

A

in OC research, a chamber (Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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16
Q

shaping

A

an OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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17
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

in OC, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

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18
Q

reinforcer

A

in OC, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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19
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. It is any stimulus, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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20
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock. When removed after a response, strengthens the response

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21
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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22
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

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23
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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24
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

25
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

in OC, reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

26
Q

punishment

A

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

27
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior - the opposite of antisocial behavior

28
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

29
Q

habituation

A

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

30
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

31
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus to the CS to elicit similar responses

32
Q

discrimination

A

in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

33
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

34
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

in OC, reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

35
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

in OC, reinforces a response at specific time intervals

36
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

in OC, reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

37
Q

cognitive maps

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

38
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

39
Q

insight

A

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

40
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

41
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

42
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others - social learning

43
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

44
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

45
Q

Stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

46
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

47
Q

neutral stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

48
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

49
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

50
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

51
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

52
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

53
Q

problem-forced coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

54
Q

emotion-forced coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

55
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless

56
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

57
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

58
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

AP PSYCH (swapped) (9 decks)

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