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biology ib hl > B3.2 Transport > Flashcards

B3.2 Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

The wall of a capillary is made from a single layer of endothelial cells- reduces the diffusion distance for oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the tissues of the body

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2
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

thin endothelium cells of some capillaries have gaps between them called fenestrations which allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid

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3
Q

what does tissue fluid do

A

surrounds the cells, enabling exchange of substances such as oxygen, glucose, and carbon dioxide
it contains oxygen, glucose and other small molecules from the blood plasma

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4
Q

what is the capillary bed

A

when capillaries form branches between the cellsp they INCREASE SA for diffusion of substances to and from cells

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5
Q

how is the rate of diffuion increases in capillaries

A

narrow lumen(small diameter) and walls that are one cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion between the blood and cells

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6
Q

what do arteries do

A

transport blood away from the heart at high pressure from ventricles to tissues of the body

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7
Q

arteries walls have 3 layers

A

the innermost layer is an endothelial layer-very smooth and reduces friction for free blood flow
middle layer- contains smooth muscle cells and a thick layer of elastic tissue(to withstand high pressure and control diameter of lumen to regulate blood pressure)
outer layer-mostly made up of collagen and elastic fibres

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8
Q

what happens during vasoconstriction of circular muscles

A

increase blood pressure by decreasing the diameter of the lumen

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9
Q

Vasodilation of the circular muscles

A

causes blood pressure to decrease by increasing the diameter of the lumen

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10
Q

what do veins do

A

transport blood to the heart at low pressure

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11
Q

what do veins have

A

a wide lumen-maximises the volume of blood that can flow at any one time
thin flexible walls

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12
Q

what can be used to measure the pulse rate

A

the radial or cartoid artery

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13
Q

how can arteries be blocked

A

Atherosclerosis - when there is damage to the walls of the arteries due to high blood pressure

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14
Q

what does the damage of the wall of arteries lead to

A

build-up of fatty deposits known as atheromas under the endothelium- narrow lumen of artery- reducing space for blood flow

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15
Q

what can repair damage to artery wall

A

Fibrous tissue- not elastic so elasticity of walls reduced

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16
Q

how can blood clotting form

A

when the smooth lining of the arteries break down creating plaques

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17
Q

what are clots formed within a blood vessel wall called

A

thrombus and when circulated- embolus

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18
Q

how does atherosclerosis lead to coronary heart disease

A

because it leads to the narrowing of arteries from build of plaque- blood clots-dont receive required level of oxygen and nutrients-parts of heart muscle die

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19
Q

how is water lost by leaf during transpiration

A

more water is drawn from the nearest xylem vessels to replace the water lost by evaporation

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20
Q

what does the transpiration pull allow for

A

allows water to be moved upwards through the plant, against the force of gravity

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20
Q

what is capillary action

A

movement of water that occurs due to adhesion to the walls of a narrow tube

21
Q

what is the transpiration pull

A

The loss of water from the xylem vessels generates tension in xylem- moves into cells in leaves creating pulling force via choesion between water molecules

22
Q

why is transpiration important

A

helps plant cool- evaporative
helpful in uptake of mineral ions

23
Q

how are mature xylem vessels formed

A

cell walls between the connected cells degrade and the cell contents are broken down so they become long continuous hollow tubes

24
Q

how are walls of xylem vessels thickened

A

cellulose and strengthened by lignin- so can withstand low internal pressures

25
Q

what do xylem vessels do

A

transport water from the roots to the leaves in plants

26
Q

what does phloem do

A

transports organic solutes from the leaves to other parts of the plant

27
Q

how is tissue fluid forced out of capillaries - pressure filtration

A

When blood is at the arterial end of a capillary the blood pressure is high enough to force fluid out of the capillary

27
Q

where does reuptake of tissue fluid happen

A

at the venous end of the capillary when the pressure is reduced as there is more distance from the heart

28
Q

what happens at arterial end

A

the hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) has a greater effect than the solute gradient so the tissue fluid is forced out of the capillaries

29
Q

what happens at the venous end

A

the hydrostatic pressure has less effect than the solute gradient so most of the fluid is drawn back into the capillary

30
Q

what is there a higher conc of in blood plasma than tissue fluid

A

glucose
amino acids
oxygen

31
Q

how is a lymph formed

A

when some tissue fluid re enters lymph capillaries

32
Q

what property of lymph capillaries let large molecules pass through

A

have closed ends and large pores

33
Q

what do lymph nodes have

A

contain macrophages which will engulf bacteria present in the lymph

34
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange

35
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

Blood then returns to the left side of the heart, so that oxygenated blood can be pumped at high pressure around the body;

36
Q

advantages of double circulation system

A

Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate,
Maintaining a high pressure for the transport of oxygenated blood to every part of the body
Pumping blood at a lower pressure in the lungs so that delicate blood vessels are not damaged

37
Q

4 chambers of heart

A

top 2 are atria bottom 2 are ventricles

38
Q

where does the atria receive blood from

A

the veins from the lungs and body- surrounded by thin layer of muscle- short distance to ventricles

39
Q

what is the septum

A

wall between the left and right sides of the heart so it acts as a double pump and deoxygenated and oxygenated blood don’t mix

40
Q

what 2 blood vessels bring blood to the heart

A

vena cava
pulmonary vein

41
Q

2 blood vessels that take blood away from heart

A

pulmonary artery
aorta

42
Q

how does deoxygenated blood flow

A

flows into right atrium from body, so it flows down into the right ventricle then up to pulmonary artery which carries it to the lungs

43
Q

how does oxygenated blood flow

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium, flows down into the left ventricle, and then upwards to the aorta which carries it to the rest of the body

44
Q

what supplies the heart muscle with blood

A

coronary arteries

45
Q

what is the pacemaker

A

a region of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium that initiates each contraction

46
Q

what is the contraction of a heart called

A

systole

47
Q

what is the relaxation of the heart called

A

diastole

48
Q

how is root pressure generated

A

Water moves into the xylem by osmosis due to the water potential gradient created when minerals are actively transported into roots from the soil

Water that enters the xylem in this way generates root pressure

48
Q

what is translocation

A

used to describe the transport of organic solutes in the phloem

49
Q
A

biology ib hl (13 decks)

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