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PF3012 > Musculoskeletal Physiology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft which contains the marrow cavity

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2
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bone ends

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3
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense layers of bone

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4
Q

Spongy bone

A

Small flat pieces (trabeculae)
Highly porous and contain red marrow

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5
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Cushions opposing bone ends and absorbs stress caused by movement

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6
Q

How many different types of bone marrow?

A

2 - yellow and red

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7
Q

Function of red bone marrow

A

-important for haematopoiesis

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8
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow

A
  • Fatty connective tissue
  • Utilises this fat during starvation
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9
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They make bone

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10
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

They are terminally differentiated osteoblasts which are surrounded by calcified matrix made from hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

They secrete acid to breakdown hydroxyapatite and enzymes to breakdown osteoid (resporption)

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12
Q

List the steps in bone deposition by osteoblasts

A
  1. stimulation
  2. differentiation
  3. matrix synthesis
  4. mineralization
  5. maturation
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13
Q

List the steps in bone resorption

A
  1. activation
  2. attachment
  3. acidification
  4. enzymatic degradation
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14
Q

3 purposes of bone remodelling

A
  1. calcium/Pi balance
  2. shaping skeletal architecture during development
  3. repair
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15
Q

what is the osteoid

A

Unmineralised matrix that provides the framework for new bone formation

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16
Q

What gives bone its hardness and strength?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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17
Q

At what sites do osteoclasts attach onto the bone?

A

Howship’s lacunae or resorption pits

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18
Q

Give two examples of enzymes secreted by osteoclasts and what do they do?

A

acid phosphatase and cathepsin K - they break down organic components of the bone matrix, primarily collagen type 1

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19
Q

Describe the structure of tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular connective tissue.
Collagen fibres located in parallel, tightly packed with little room for extracellular matrix and cells

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20
Q

What are bursae and what are their functions?

A
  • flat, fibrous, fluid-filled sacs
  • closely related to synovial joints, act to reduce friction of joint movement between structures
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21
Q

where are bursae located

A

Between bones, ligaments, muscles, skin or tendons that rub together

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22
Q

What are articulations?

A

Junctions/ joints between bones

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23
Q

list the 3 classifications of articulations?

A
  • immoveable
  • slightly moveable
  • freely moveable
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24
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones that closely connect each other - joined by very dense connective tissuee

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25
Q

example of fibrous joints

A

sutures of skull
gomphoses of teeth and alveolar sockets

26
Q

what are cartilaginous joints

A

connected by hyaline cartilage
lack a joint cavity

27
Q

two types of cartilaginous joints and examples of both

A

synchondroses (between manubrium and first rib)
symphyses (pubic symphyses)

28
Q

Synovial joints

A

allow free movement
joint contained within a joint cavity and have shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads

29
Q

List 6 types of synovial joints with examples

A

Gliding (ankles, wrists)
Hinge (elbow, phalanges)
Ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
Saddle (between carpal and metacarpal)
Ellipsoidal (between metacarpals and phalanges)
Pivot (between proximal ends of radius and ulna)

30
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degradation of joints via enzymatic activity - knees, weight bearing joints, certain finger joints

31
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease which begins with synovitis - fingers, wrists, ankles, feet

32
Q

Gouty arthritis (gout)

A

excess of uric acid builds up and is deposited as urate crystals in tissues and joints - can become completely immobilised

33
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

striated
multinucleated

34
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

striated and branched
intercalated discs

35
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

no striations
no sarcomeres
still contains actin and myosin filaments which form cross bridges, but the overall structure is different
digestive tract/lungs/blood vessels

36
Q

what does a motor unit consist of?

A
  • a motor neuron (somatic)
  • all muscle fibres it innervates
37
Q

define motor end plate

A

the total nerve area that interacts with the myocyte

38
Q

Where is the NMJ?

A

between the somatic motor neuron and muscle fibre interface

39
Q

list the events in a motor nerve action potential

A
  • release ACh
  • ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors
  • depolarisation of muscle (Na+ and Ca2+ influx)
  • action potential
  • contraction
40
Q

Which 2 structure allow APs to travel deep into thick muscle cell?

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • transverse tubules
41
Q

Where are the transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum located?

A

transverse tubules are tunnels that penetrate all the way through muscle cells
SR surrounds each transverse tubule

42
Q

What is the name of the receptors in the SR which open as a result of open Ca2+ channels in transverse tubules?

A

Ryanodine receptors

43
Q

How many stimulations per second are necessary to achieve complete tetany?

A

60

44
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

muscle tension remains the same

45
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

muscle elongates

46
Q

Concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens

47
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle length remains the same

48
Q

actin

A

thin filament (i band)

49
Q

myosin

A

thick filament (a band)

50
Q

titin

A

elastic filament

51
Q

What is the power stroke?

A

Movement of the actin filament past the myosin head

52
Q

What does tropomyosin do

A

prevents the myosin head from binding to the actin filament by physically blocking the myosin-binding site - muscle relaxed

53
Q

define proprioception

A

awareness of one’s own body position (afferent information sent by muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ)

54
Q

what does muscle spindle do

A

detects muscle length (role in proprioception)

55
Q

what does golgi tendon organ do

A

monitors tension of tendons produced by muscle contraction

56
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

They occur where myocytes join together and contain gap junctions

57
Q

what do gap junctions do

A

they allow action potentials in one cardiomyocyte to spread directly into the next - propagates into all cardiomyocytes

58
Q

how do actin filaments of smooth and skeletal muscle differ

A

actin filaments in smooth are much longerthan skeletal
there is a greater ration of thin filaments to thick filaments (1:16 instead of 1:2)

59
Q

Examples of multiunit smooth muscle structures

A

ciliary muscle of eye
arrector pili muscle in the skin
(finer control as they are all stimulated individually rather than single unit)

60
Q

What effect does the release of IP3 have

A

contraction of smooth muscle cell as it results in the release of Ca2+ from SR

PF3012 (10 decks)

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