Bone Physiology - Function of the Bone

Question 1

What is the Axial skeletal consist of ?

Answer 1

• Skull
• Vertebrae
• Thoracic cage

Question 2

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 2

Upper limbs
Lower limbs

Question 3

Which type of skeleton protects the
- brain
- heart
- liver
- lungs

Answer 3

Axial skeleton

Question 4

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

Movement

Question 5

What mineral in the body does the bone store and release ?

Answer 5

Calcium !!

and phosphate

Question 6

What is calcium important for in the body

Answer 6

• Muscle Contraction
• Nerve Impulse
• Blood clotting

Question 7

When calcium levels are too high in the blood what happens ?

Answer 7

Calcium gets deposited in the bone by osteoblasts

Question 8

When calcium levels are too low in the blood what happens ?

Answer 8

Calcium is released from the bone and added to the blood by osteoclasts.

Question 9

How much of the calcium within the body is depositied within the bone ?

Answer 9

99% in the bone

1% in the blood

Question 10

What are the three types of bone cells ?

Answer 10

• Osteoclasts
• Osteoblasts
• Osteocytes

Question 11

Where is alkaline phosphate released from?

Answer 11

Osteoblasts

Question 12

What is the effect of low ALP on the bones ?

Answer 12

• SOFT BONES EASILY FRACTURES

Question 13

Where is ankylosis protein released from ?

Answer 13

Osteoblasts

Question 14

What do pyrophosphates do ?

Answer 14

They inhibit calcium-phosphate formation and growth

Question 15

What does decreased ankylosing protein lead to?

Answer 15

Ankylosing spondilitis

Question 16

If you have low calcium levels what is this called ?

What symptoms may you get with this ?

Answer 16

Hypocalcaemia

Muscle spasms

Question 17

What is it called when calcium levels are too high?

What may happen with this ?

Answer 17

hypercalcaemia

cardiac arrhythmia

Question 18

What are the three hormones important for calcium homestasis ?

Answer 18

• Calcitonin released from the thyroid gland.
• Parathyroid hormone released from the parathyroid gland
• Vitamin D3

Question 19

When hypocalemia occurs, what hormone is produced in response to this?

Answer 19

Parathyroid hormone released from the parathyroid gland.

Question 20

In response to hypocalcemia, PTH is released; where does this hormone act, and what does it do?

Answer 20

• Acts on the bone - Osteclats stimulates to release calcium ions from the bone.
• Kidney - Kidney absorb calcium ions and calcitrol - THEN THIS INCREASES INTESTINAL REABSOPRTION OF CALCIUM !!!!
• Inrestinal response - Increase absorption.

Question 21

What does calcitrol do during hypocalcemia ?

Answer 21

Calcitrol stimulates intestinal reabsoption of calcium.

Question 22

What two things are essential for the body to get vitamin D?

Answer 22

• The cholesterol under our skin
• This is then synthesised by the sun to produce vitamin D3.

Question 23

What hormone is released in response to hypercalcemia ?

Answer 23

CALCITONIN FROM THE THYROID GLAND.

Question 24

How does calcitonin work in response to hypercalcemia?

Answer 24

Question 25

Is PTH and calcitonin controlled by positive or negative feedback cycles ?

Answer 25

The release of both hormones (PTH and Calcitonin) is controlled by negative feedback cycles