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biological and learning psychology - behl 2017 > Week 9: Biological psychology: biology of thermoregulation and eating behaviour in humans > Flashcards

Week 9: Biological psychology: biology of thermoregulation and eating behaviour in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

_______________ is the regulation of body temperature, usually within a specific range.

A

Thermoregulation

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2
Q

________ can regulate their body temperature via metabolic processes (‘warm blooded’ animals, including humans).

A

Endotherms

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3
Q

_________ animals can stay active in cold weather, but they need more energy to heat their bodies and therefore need more food.

A

Endothermic

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4
Q

__________ have a body temperature that is influenced by the external environment (incorrectly known as ‘cold blooded’).

A

Ectotherms

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5
Q

__________ animals do not need energy to heat themselves but as a result they are inactive in cold weather.

A

Ectothermic

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6
Q

If an animal has a low metabolic rate it is a __________.

A

ectoterm

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7
Q

If an animal has a high and very stable internal temperature it is an _______.

A

endoterm

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8
Q

What of the following is NOT a natural insulator?

Fur
Teeth
Blubber
Feathers
Eyes
Hair
Colouration

A

Teeth and eyes

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9
Q

In a colder environment, an animals’ metabolism
________ to __________
their internal body temperature.

A

increases, raise

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10
Q

Which of the following are instances of behavioural thermoregulation?

Timing of activities
Cooling techniques (eg. panting)
Hibernation
Posture
Torpor

A

Timing of activities
Hibernation
Standing in water
Torpor

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11
Q

In order to stop things such as overheating, the human body has several ways of regulating temperature. Which of the below help with thermoregulation?

Vasoconstriction
Coughing
Sneezing
Sweating
Increase activity
Decrease activity
Shivering

A

Vasoconstriction
Sweating
Increase activity
Decrease activity
Shivering

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12
Q

__________ provides carbohydrates, proteins, & fats for metabolism

A

Eating

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13
Q

_______ rate changes with age, sex, body fat, activity & diet

A

Metabolic

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13
Q

__________ is used for body heat & work: transport, synthesis, storage

A

Energy

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14
Q

Hypothalamic ______ _______ controls heat homeostasis.

A

THERMOREGULATORY CENTER

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15
Q

_________ regulates anabolic cell activities & glucose uptake in cells

A

Insulin

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15
Q

Maintaining _________ takes approximately 50% of our energy
controls heat homeostasis

A

homeostasis

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16
Q

COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE

A

Warm and cold blood flow in opposite directions
to regulate the temperature (arteries & veins)
* Usually around the brain/head region

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17
Q

Behavioural thermoregulation occurs through:
___________ (e.g. lizard increases temperature by “spread eagle”
posture on top of a hot rock)
__________ (e.g. turning its back to the sun)

A

microclimate
orientation

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18
Q

Torpor, hibernation, estivation, Timing of activities, “Cooling off” techniques are examples of ________ thermoregulation.

A

behavioural

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19
Q

Reduced metabolic activity and body temperature for
less than a day (endotherm)- governed by circadian
rhythm, ________ or mini hibernation.

A

torpor

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20
Q

During torpor animals stop foraging. True/False

A

False
Animals continue foraging

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21
Q

During hibernation animals usually do not forage but rely on energy
stores (food caches or body energy reserves). True/False

A

True

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21
Q

Long-term torpor (can be 6 months) occurring in the
winter months (endotherms & ectotherms), to
conserve energy.

A

Hibernation

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21
Q

__________ – active at night
e.g. owl, mice, koala

A

NOCTURNAL

21
Q

Long-term torpor (can be 6 months) occurring in the
summer months (ectotherms)
* To avoid damage from high temperatures
(desiccation- extreme dryness or drying out)

A

Estivation

22
Q

_________ – active during daytime
e.g. “grazers” – gazelles, elephants

A

DIURNAL

23
Q

_________ _______ zone represents ambient
conditions where heat gain by animal equals
heat loss (= thermal comfort; 28-31 degrees C in naked
humans)

A

Thermo neutral

23
Q

‘COOLING OFF’ TECHNIQUES
* Rolling or wallowing in mud
* Taking a “dip” or standing in the water
* Going underground, using caves or lying in shade
* Flying in high altitudes

A
23
Q

__________ – active at periods throughout 24-hours
e.g. some lemurs

A

CATHEMERAL

24
Q

__________ – active at dawn & dusk
e.g. deer, rabbits, most birds, red pandas, cats

A

CREPUSCULAR

25
Q

In humans about ____ percent of energy is
used for body heat.

A

50

26
Q

Body temperature balance is very narrow range, usually higher/lower
than environment.

A

higher

27
Q

___________ - body temperature too high
Fever: pyrogens fight pathogens
Heat exhaustion (102 F/38.8C)
Heat stroke (106F/41C) → death
Malignant hyperthermia – defective Ca++ release

A

HYPERTHERMIA

28
Q

__________ - body temperature too low
Metabolism slows → loss of consciousness, death
Surgical applications: heart surgery

A

HYPOTHERMIA

29
Q

Humans eat more than needed. Human eating is influenced by learned & unlearned mechanisms. True/False

A

True

30
Q

Factors influencing human eating:

A
  1. Biological (hormones)
  2. Psychological (mood, sight and smell of food)
  3. Socio-cultural (norms about weight, cultural foods)
31
Q

Function of _________ system is to break food down
into smaller molecules that cells can use.

A

digestive

32
Q

_________ is the body’s main ‘fuel’

A

Glucose

33
Q

After weaning most mammals lose intestinal enzyme _______ which is
needed for metabolising lactose (sugar in milk)

A

lactase

(2/3 of humans lack lactase)

33
Q

The _________ controls eating & other body
maintenance functions

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

THE _______ HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS:
* Insulin secretion
* Alters taste responsiveness

A

lateral

35
Q

Electrical stimulation to lateral hypothalamus in increased/decreased appetite.

A

Increased

36
Q

Damage to lateral hypothalamus can result in starvation due to food and water refusal. True/False

A

True

37
Q

__________ HYPOTHALAMUS:
* Tumors lead to overeating & weight gain
* Alters taste responsiveness

A

VENTROMEDIAL

38
Q

Damage to areas in or around the ventromedial
hypothalamus:
* Animal has increased appetite, gains lot of
weight, then becomes ‘finicky’ eater
* Eat normal meals more often (overeat)

Damage to paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus:
* Animal eats larger meals (overeats)

A
39
Q

________ monitors appetite hormone levels

A

Hypothalamus

40
Q

______ nervosa (considered psychiatric condition)
* Unwilling to eat as much as they need; become extremely
thin & may die

A

ANOREXIA

41
Q

________ NERVOSA (considered psychiatric condition)
* Alternate between extreme dieting and binges of
overeating

A

BULIMIA

42
Q

‘SETTLING POINT’: cluster of genetic &
environmental factors cause a person’s weight to
settle within a given range
* Children more likely to be obese if parents are
obese
* Weight can be affected by diet, exercise, daily
habits (e.g., use stairs instead of lift)

A
43
Q

The Hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions - what does the Lateral Hypothalamus control?

a) Insulin secretion
b) Creates tumours
c) Alters taste responses
d) Controls weight gain

A

a and c

44
Q

The WHO research also shows that genetics does NOT play a role in determining body weight. True/False

A

False

44
Q

The WHO commission studied childhood obesity - they found that there were no personality trait differences between obese and non-obese people. True/False

A

true

45
Q

The Hypothalamus monitors appetite and hormone levels - which of the below are appetite hormones?

a) Leptin
b)Dopamine
c) Pectin
d) Insulin

A

leptin and insulin

46
Q

What other factors besides biological ones, influence hunger and eating?

Memories of last meal
Food trends
Colour of the food
Taste preferences
How much you ate yesterday

A

Memories of last meal
Food trends
Taste preferences

47
Q

Most obese people produce plenty of leptin & have
normal leptin receptors, so they overeat for other
reasons

A
47
Q
  • Fat cells throughout body produce peptide
    leptin (more fat cells, more leptin)
  • Mice with ‘obese’ gene do not make leptin
  • Gene exists that increases eating, decreases
    metabolic rate & increases weight gain
A
48
Q

obesity & inactivity are 2 largest contributors to
developing heart disease – Australia’s biggest
killer

A

≈ 55,000 people die from heart disease each year
(1 every 12 minutes)

49
Q

Dieters and obese are more likely to eat in
response to stress than non-dieters
* Family environment of little importance in
determining body weight - genetics plays a large
role

A
50
Q

___ ______ _______ (BMI) Measure of relative size based on mass & height

A

body mass index

51
Q

BMI ____ or below is ideal, ____ or more is obesity.

A

25, 30

biological and learning psychology - behl 2017 (10 decks)

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