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imse lec > MIDTERM - complement system > Flashcards

MIDTERM - complement system Flashcards

1
Q

_ is a complex series of more than 30 soluble
and cell-bound proteins that interact in a very specific way
to enhance host defense mechanisms against foreign cells.

A

complement

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2
Q

complement is a complex series of more than how many soluble and cell bound proteins?

A

30

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3
Q

Complement systems is also called __.

A

complement pathway.

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4
Q

are complement proteins heat-labile or not?

A

heat labile

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5
Q

A termed “Complement” was given by ___ in the year (1980’s

A

Paul Erlich

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6
Q

In year, she was awarded a Noble Prize for
elucidating the nature of complement.

A

1919, Jules Bordet

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7
Q

In elucidating the nature of complement it was
___

A

jules bordet

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8
Q

what are the 3 effects of complement activation

A

Activation of immune system
Opsonization (C3b, C4b, C5b)
LYSIS of Foreign cells and Immune complexes

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9
Q

what are the 3 example of opsonins

A

(C3b, C4b, C5b)

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10
Q

What are the complement proteins that are mainly incorporated with the process of opsonization?

A

(C3b, C4b, C5b)

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11
Q

an effect of complement activation that is to
ENHANCE the host mechanism against the
foreign cells

A

Activation of immune system

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12
Q

an effect of complement activation that is for
facilitating and preparing the cell eating.

A

Opsonization (C3b, C4b, C5b)

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13
Q

Chronic activation of complement pathway will lead to

A

inflammation and tissue damage

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14
Q

Complement pathway play an essential role as a ____.
That’s why the complement pathway is connected also with the acute phase reactants,

A

pro-inflammatory agent

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15
Q

acute phase reactants or APR or toll like receptors are produced by

A

hepatocytes

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16
Q

acute phase reactants are produced within how many hours in response to an increase in certain intracellular signaling polypeptides

A

12-24 hrs

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17
Q

hepatocytess are also called as

A

liver cell or liver parenchymal cells

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18
Q

it is the one that regulates the amount or the production of apr. It will give signal or serve as a chemical messenger

A

cytokines

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19
Q

what are the 2 major apr?

A

Serum Amyloid A and C reactive protein

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20
Q

what is the function of C reactive protein

A

opsonization and for complement activation,

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21
Q

what is the function of Serum amyloid A

A

removal of cholesterol.

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22
Q

what is the most important component or protein complement under the activation unit?

A

Complement C3

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23
Q

is associated with a
specific pathway which is the lectin pathway

A

mannose binding protein

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24
Q

where can we be able to find mannose?

A

within the outer coating
of bacteria, yeast, viruses and even protozoa.

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25
Q

Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized in the __-.

A

liver

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26
Q

Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized in the liver except __

A

C1 components

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27
Q

C1 is synthesized by epithelial cells and factor D. Whereas Factor D is made up of ___

A

adipose tissue

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28
Q

C1 is synthesized and produced by the ____

A

epithelial cells and factor D

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29
Q

Example of additional source of early
complement components ___

A

C1, C2, C3 and C4.

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30
Q

the common objective associated with complement activation, it is the end product of activation of complement activation

A

lysis of the foreign cells and immune complexes

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31
Q

2 factors contributing the end product of the complement pathway

A

lysis of the foreign cells and immune complexes

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32
Q

the one responsible for controlling or inhibiting a particular complement protein preventing chronic activation

A

complement component protein regulators

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33
Q

response time of c reactive protein for opsonization and complement activation

A

6-10 hrs

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34
Q

a generalized marker of acute inflammation

A

C reactive protein

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35
Q

complement component proteins are like enzymes as they are produced in what form?

A

inactive form or zymogen

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36
Q

They are release in inactive precursors of complement
proteins are called __.

A

zymogen

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37
Q

once the zymogen are released and activated it will be called as

A

holoenzyme

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38
Q

The complement system can be activated in three different ways. What are those?

A

Classical pathway
alternative or properdin pathway
Mannose-binding lectin pathway

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39
Q

a complement pathway that is antibody dependent

A

classical pathway

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40
Q

How many proteins are involved in classical pathway?

A

9 proteins

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41
Q

The 9 proteins in classical pathway is triggered by what combination

A

antigen and antibody combination/formation

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42
Q

In the year 1950s, ___ discovered an antibody-independent pathway and this plays a major role as a natural defense system.

A

Pillemer and colleagues

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43
Q

alternative pathway is also called as

A

properdin system

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44
Q

function of properdin in alternative pathway

A

stabilize the key enzyme complex called C3bBb (or C3 convertase)

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45
Q

lectin pathway’s major constituent

A

mannose

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46
Q

If lectin’s major constituent is MBL, where can we seen the constituent of alternative pathway?

A

serum constituent

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47
Q

lectin pathway is also called as

A

mannose-binding lectin pathway

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48
Q

In lectin pathway, it is the ___ that will adhere to mannose which found in the outer coating of the bacteria, yeast, viruses and protozoa

A

MBL mannose binding lectin or the mannose binding protein

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49
Q

Under the classical pathway it is always involved with what complement component

A

Complement component C1

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50
Q

C1 is composed of ___ how many strands

A

6 strands

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51
Q

6 strands of C1 complement will form _

A

6 globular head with a collagen-like tail portion

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52
Q

what are the 3 sub units of C1

A

C1q, C1r and C1s.

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53
Q

A subunit of C1 that will recognized/binds the fragment crystallizable or FC region or FC fragments of two adjacent antibody molecules.

A

C1q

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54
Q

how many globular heads are needed for C1q to initiate classical pathway

A

2 globular heads

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55
Q

the first one that act upon the activation of classical pathway

A

C1q

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56
Q

complement components found in alternative pathway

A

factor B
factor D
properdin

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57
Q

c3 convertase is also called as

A

C3bBb

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58
Q

aside from the mannose that is the major constituent of mannose binding lectin pathway. It is as well associated with different serine proteases?

A

MASP 1, MASP 2 and MASP 3

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59
Q

what are the 2 antibody INDEPENDENT pathway?

A

alternative and mannose-binding lectin pathway

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60
Q

the 2 pathway that is part of natural defense system

A

alternative and mbl pathway

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61
Q

the antibody that is best for complement fixation

A

antibody IgM

62
Q

can IgG can help in complement fixation as well?

A

yesw

63
Q

which IgG is the one that has no capability for complement fixation?

A

IgG4

64
Q

which IgG is the best for complement fixation

A

IgG3 followed by IgG1 and IgG2

65
Q

if IgG is the one that will help in complement fixation, how many IgG is needed to attach to an antigen to activate the complement?

A

2 IgG molecule

66
Q

IgG needs 2 IgG molecules in order to activate the complement pathway, the attachment of antigen as well must be within how many nanometers between each other to activate it fully?

A

30-40 nanometers

67
Q

what are the stages of complement activation for classical pathway?

A

Recognition stage or recognition unit
Activation stage or activation unit
Formation of MAC - membrane attack complex

68
Q

what is the only complement component associated with the recognition unit of classical pathway?

A

complement component C1

69
Q

C4, C2 and C3 is collectively known as

A

activation stage or the activation unit

70
Q

the last stage of classical pathway wherein the lysis of the foreign cell take place

A

formation of MAC

71
Q

“MAC” in stages of classical pathway activation stands for __

A

membrane attack complex

72
Q

what is the end product of the 3 stages of classical pathway activation?

A

lysis of the foreign cell and immune complexes

73
Q

the stage or unit where we can see the C1 components

A

Recognition unt/stage

74
Q

what are the 3 components of C1/what are the 3 subunits of C1

A

C1q, C1r, C1s

75
Q

is composed of six strands that form six globular
heads with a collagen like tail portion.

A

C1q

76
Q

a sub unit of C1 that will “recognizes” the fragment crystallizable (FC)
region of two adjacent antibody molecules.

A

C1q

77
Q

what are the 2 adjacent antibodies that the C1q will recognize?

A

CH2 of IgG and CH3 of IgM

78
Q

Once the C1q bonds with the fc region of the adjacent antibodies, it will activate ___

A

C1r

79
Q

C1r will start to cleave ___

A

thioester bond of C1s

80
Q

once the C1r cleave the thioester bond of C1s, it will then activate ___

A

C1s

81
Q

Please summarized the steps for recognition stage/unit

A

It will start with the C1q. It will bind with the FC region of the adjacent antibodies (IgG and IgM)

The bonding will activate C1r

C1r will cleave the thioester bond of C1s

It will activate the C1s

82
Q

what is the end stage of the last step of recognition unit?

A

the activation of C1s

83
Q

what is the last stage of the end product of the activation unit?

A

c5 convertase or the C5b2a3b

84
Q

after the activation of the C1s, it will form __ and __ that must be near the proximity of C1s in order to form.

A

C4 and C2

85
Q

C4 must be near enough to C1s of about how many nanometers?

A

atleast 40 nm

86
Q

C2 must be near enough to C1s of about how many nanometers?

A

at least 60 nm

87
Q

what is the most abundant complement protein under the activation unit?

A

C4

88
Q

C1s will cleave C4 to form ___

A

C4a and C4b

89
Q

C4b must bind to __ or __ immediately or it will react with water molecules or it will be inactivated permanently

A

protein or carbohydrates

90
Q

C4b must bind to protein or carbohydrate
within a few seconds, or it will react with
water molecules to form ____ , which is rapidly degraded.

A

iC4b (inactivated C4b)

91
Q

C2 gene is closely related to ___ in alternative pathway

A

factor B

92
Q

C4b and C2a will combine through what ions

A

magnesium ions

93
Q

the combination of C4b and C2a is also called as

A

C3 convertase (C4b2a)

94
Q

is the c3 convertase a stable complex?

A

No

95
Q

what is the half life of c3 convertase

A

15 seconds to 3 minutes

96
Q

the c4b2a will cleave the most important complex in the activation unit

A

C3

97
Q

most significant step in the entire process of
complement activation

A

cleavage of C3

98
Q

Major function is for the formation of the MAC.

A

C3b

99
Q

aside from the formation of MAC, the other function of C3b is it act as ___

A

opsonin

100
Q

In C3b, ___ have specific receptors for this
complement. Thus, enhance phagocytosis.

A

Macrophages

101
Q

C3b will bound to C4b2a for how many nanometers?

A

40 nm

102
Q

If C3b is bound within 40 nm of the C4b2a, then this
creates a new enzyme known as____

A

C5 convertase.

103
Q

the beginning of the formation of the membrane attack complex and the last stage of activation unit

A

c5 convertase

104
Q

is C5b extremely labile?

A

yes

105
Q

C6 will bind to C5b to form

A

C5b6

106
Q

C7 will bind to C5b6 to form

A

C5b67

107
Q

It is a forming a trimolecular complex that has a high affinity for lipid constituents of the cell membrane.

A

The forming of C7 and c5b6 to create C5b67

108
Q

c8 will combined with C5b67 to form

A

C5b678

109
Q

__ and ___ Interacts with the cell membrane to
form a small hole in the membrane.

A

C7 and C8

110
Q

is inserted into the lipid bilayer of the cell
membrane.

A

c8

111
Q

a beginning of the formation of form to cause cell to lyse and result the cell to leaks

A

forming of C5b678

112
Q

C5b678 will form pores to rbc causing cell leaks, what are the contents of the cell that can possible leak?

A

(potassium, amino acids, ribonucleotides)

113
Q

Pore formed are small→ able to lyse RBC but not nucleated
cells

A

C5b678

114
Q

in order to complete the lysis of the cell, C5b678 must combine with

A

c9 forming C5b6789

115
Q

What would be the end stage of this classical pathway?

A

lysis of the foreign cells and immune complexes

116
Q

the most abundant complement component protein in recogition unit is the

A

C1q

117
Q

Under the classical pathway kapag tayo ay nagkaroon ng
increase vascular permeability this is cause by
.

A

anaphylatoxins

118
Q

We have different proteins involved in case of increase
vascular permeability.

what are those?

A

C3a, C4a, and C5a

119
Q

AL<TERNATIVE PATHWAY

The pathway was originally named for the protein
properdin, a constituent of normal serum with a concentration of approximately ___μg/mL

A

5 to 15

120
Q

alternative pathwAy

In addition to properdin, the serum proteins that are unique
to this pathway include ____ and ___

A

factor B and factor D.

121
Q

Triggering substances for the alternative pathway include:

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, tumor cell lines and some parasites

122
Q

major factor in complement system (alternative and
classical pathway).

A

C3

123
Q

In alternative pathwaY, which is analogous to c2

A

FACTOR B

124
Q

in alternative pathway, it Bind to activated C3 to become (C3b)

A

Factor B

125
Q

In alterative pathway

Cleaves factor B that are bounded to C3b

A

Factor D

126
Q

In alterative pathway
Cleaves factor B to Bb and Ba

A

Factor D

127
Q

Cleaves additional C3 into C3a and C3b

A

C3bBb

128
Q

___ is considered an acute phase protein because it is
produced in the liver and is normally present in the serum
but increases during an initial inflammatory response

A

Mannose binding lectin

129
Q

Lectins are proteins that bind to ___.

A

carbohydrates

130
Q

This pathway provides an additional link between the innate
and acquired immune response

A

lectin pathway

131
Q

among the serine proteases, which one is homologous to C1s? as it plays an active role in cleaving the C4 and C2

A

Masp 2

132
Q

the only pathway that has the acute phase reactants involve?

A

lectin pathway

133
Q

C1 inhibitor will inhibits which complement components?

A

inactivates C1 and Masp 2

134
Q

___ is a glycoprotein with a molecular
weight of 105,000 that inhibits activation at the FIRST STAGES of both the classical and lectin pathways

A

C1 inhibitor

135
Q

c3 convertase are inhibits by 4 regulators, what are they?

A

C4b binding protein
CR1 “cd 35”
MCP “membrane cofactor protein”
DAF “decay-accelerating factor”

136
Q

c3 convertase has 4 regulators, all of this works with _____

A

factor I

137
Q

Binds to Factor I
then inactivates the C4b resulting into the
dissociation of C4b from the C4b2a complex.
Causing the classical pathway to stop and not able
to continue the pathway.

A

C4b-binding protein (C4BP)

138
Q

Also known as
CD35, once CR1 binds to C3b or C4b it is then
degraded by factor I.

A

Complement receptor 1 (CR1) Also known as
CD35,

139
Q

Most efficient
cofactor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b.

A

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP)

140
Q

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) - Most efficient
cofactor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b. It
also serves as cofactor for Factor I in cleaving
the C4b not as efficient as the ____ (most efficient
in inhibiting the activity of the classical pathway)

A

C4bB

141
Q

Dissociates the
C3 convertase by cleaving the C3b or C4b or both.

A

Decay accelerating factor (DAF)

142
Q

Which one is the most common complement deficiency?

A

C2 lupuslike syndrome ; recurrent infections atherosclerosis

C2 deficient individuals are prone
to recurrence staphylococcal and streptococcal infection. They also
has low levels of Factor B kasi yung gene location or alleles nila ay
close to each other.

143
Q

Which one is the most serious form of the complement
deficiency?

A

C3

because they are prone to severe recurrent of life-threatening
infections with encapsulated bacteria such as streptococcus
pneumoniae.

144
Q

MBL Deficiency
Lack of MBL are associated to ___

A

pneumonia, sepsis
and meningococcal diseases.

145
Q

Causes increase susceptibility to systemic Neisseria
infections.

A

C5-C8

146
Q

deficiency in MASP 2

A

pneumococcal diseases

147
Q

lack of C1INH

A

hereditary angioedema

148
Q

lack of c9

A

no known disease associarion

149
Q

lack of these complement components will lead to lupus like sydrome

A

c1, c2, c4,

150
Q

lack of these complement components will lead to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

A

DAF and MIRL

151
Q

lack of c3 will lead to

A

glomerlonephritis

152
Q
A

imse lec (15 decks)

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