Lecture 9

Question 1

National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Answer 1

the goal is to reduce duplication of effort among agencies, to improve quality and reduce the costs of geographic information, to make geographic data more accessible to the public, to increase the benefits of available data, and to establish key partnerships with states,counties, cities, tribal nations, academia, and the private sector to increase data availability

Question 2

Digital Elevation Models

Answer 2

are available at various resolutions and coverage areas for most of the world.

Question 3

Hydrologic Data

Answer 3

the National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD, and NHD Plus) contains digital spatial data about surface waters, including rivers, streams,canals, ditches, lakes, ponds, springs, and wells

Question 4

High-Resolution Digital Images

Answer 4

Digital images are available from a range of sources, including national, state, and county governments, or from private contractors, satellite imaging companies, and resellers.

Question 5

NAIP Digital Images

Answer 5

the National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) acquires photographs during the growing season in the continental United States.

Question 6

National Land Cover Data

Answer 6

the most recent and detailed source of national land cover information.

Question 7

NASS CDL

Answer 7

he National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) produces yearly Crop Data Layer (CDL) data.

Question 8

National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)

Answer 8

is a publicly available resource that provides detailed information on the abundance, characteristics, and distribution of US wetlands.

Question 9

Digital Soils Data

Answer 9

NRCS under USDA has developed three digital soils data sets (The National Soil Geography (NATSGO), State Soil Geographic(STATSGO) data are intermediate in scale, and Soil Survey Geographic(SSURGO) data provide the most spatial and categorical detail).

Question 10

Digital Floodplain Data

Answer 10

he Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA) develops and disseminates flood hazard maps, commonly known as floodplain maps (These maps locate the boundary of areas with a 1% or higher annual chance of flooding, commonly known as 100-year flood plain maps).

Question 11

Climate, Geology, and Other Environmental Data

Answer 11

The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) maintains historical climate records for the United States, and provides their data through a Web portal

Question 12

Digital Census Data

Answer 12

this system is known as the Census TIGER system (TIGER/Line)

Question 13

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing,

Answer 13

is a format used by the United States Census Bureau to describe land attributes such as roads, buildings, rivers, and lakes, as well as areas such as census tracts.

Question 14

A spatial model

Answer 14

describes the basic properties or processes for a set of spatial features which helps us understand their form and behavior.

Question 15

Spatial models may be

Answer 15

Prepared and run in a GIS
Prepared in a GIS and exported to a model.
Prepared outside a GIS and run inside a GIS

Question 16

Cartographic Models (Automated Mapping Analysis & Processin

Answer 16

Solve problems via spatial layer combination in overlay, buffers, reclassification, and other spatial operations.
Often applied to ranking areas in support of decision making.Nominal output (i.e., descriptive info., images, audio recordings) or
Ordinal output (ranking descriptive, numeric).
Uses processes such as overlay, buffers, reclassification etc.

Question 17

Simple Spatial Models –focus on applying mathematical relationships

Answer 17

typically apply a set of equations developed from data at a set of observations at points or sub areas, and then applied across broader geographic areas.
Output is often interval or ratio (numeric)

Question 18

Spatio-Temporal Models (Process Models)

Answer 18

Spatio-temporal models are dynamic in both space and time.

Question 19

Simple spatial models example

Answer 19

Spatial variables related to mosquito habitat quality were compiledmstatewide, including stream density, vegetation type, temperature, and precipitation surplus. These were combined with virus infection frequency at specific locations to fita predictive statistical model to predict outbreak risk across the state.

Question 20

Spatio-temporal models differ how?

Answer 20

They differ from cartographic or predictive spatial models in that time passes explicitly within the running of the model, and changes in time-driven processes within the model cause changes in spatial variables