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Psychological research > Data visualisation > Flashcards

Data visualisation Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we use figures and tables?

A

To analyse the data to draw a conclusion

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2
Q

Why do we use graphs?

A

Data visualisation

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3
Q

What makes a good graph?

A
  • Show the data without distortions
  • Present many numbers with minimum ink
  • Make large data sets coherent
  • Induce reader to think about and compare data
  • Always include title, label axis, good scale, use colour-blind friendly colours, y-axis should start at 0
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4
Q

What is a histogram?

A

Presents frequency distribution
X axis: scores from small to high
Y axis: frequency density
Some have a density curve
Shape of distribution determines the type of analysis to perform

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5
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A

Gaussian distribution or bell curve
Mode = median = mean

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6
Q

What is the symmetry distribution? (Skewness)

A

Negative skew = left foot
Positive skew = right foot

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7
Q

What is the shape of the distribution? (Kurtosis)

A

Leptokurtic = spiked (most data in the middle)
Platikurtic = flat (data widely distributed around the mean)

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8
Q

What is the bimodal distribution?

A

When there are two modes, thus two normal distributions in the same data set

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9
Q

Why might data not be normally distributed? (4 reasons)

A

1) Outliers (data point significantly differing from other observations)
2) Small sample size - insufficient data
3) Multiple distributions (bimodal or multimodal)
4) Measurement issues

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10
Q

What is the central limit theorem?

A

The sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases

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11
Q

What is a box plot/ box and whiskers diagram composed of?

A
  • Min and max score
  • First and third quartiles
  • Median
  • Outliers (data point located outside the whiskers of the box plot)
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12
Q

How can you identify outliers in a box plot?

A

Over 1.5 times the IQR above the upper quartile or below the lower quartile:
1.5 x IQR = ans
Q1 - ans
Q3 + ans

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13
Q

What is a violin plot a combination of?

A

Box plot and histogram

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14
Q

What figures/graphs are used for a categorical design?

A

Looking at frequency of occurrence across two categories
- Bar chart

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15
Q

What figures/graphs are used for an experimental design?

A

Looking at differences between conditions after manipulating variables
- Nominal - bar chart
- Ordinal - line graph
(Include error bars)

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16
Q

What figures/graphs are used for a correlational design?

A

Looking at relationships between 2 continuous variables
- Scatter plot or line graph

17
Q

How are figures reported by APA standards?

A
  • Figure - any visual display other than a table
  • All figures should be numbered (fig 1)
  • Should have a title
  • Images are clear
  • Lines smooth and sharp and reasonable size
  • Font is legible and simple (TNR)
  • Units of measurement are provided
  • Axes are clearly labelled
  • Elements within the figure are clearly labelled or explained
  • Left alignment
  • Any notes (optional) go underneath the figure (e.g. to define the variables)
  • Double line spacing
  • Can be pasted/embedded within/among the text, or placed at the end of the text
18
Q

How are tables presented by APA standards?

A
  • Should be numbered independently from figures (table 1)
  • Below, clear and informative title in italics
  • Left alignment
  • Double spaced
  • All on one page
  • Can be pasted/embedded within/among the text, or placed at the end of the text
19
Q

When should a figure be used?

A
  • When showing trends, patterns, relationships across data
  • Summary of research results
  • e.g. mean differences between groups
20
Q

When should a table be used?

A
  • When presenting a lot of numerical info
  • Showing precise values
  • To compare and contrast data values or characteristics among related items
  • e.g. demographics table - age or gender of participants
21
Q

When should text be used to present data?

A
  • When there is not extensive or complicated data to present
  • When putting data into a table would have 2 or fewer columns
    e.g. when reporting few values or comparing one variable against another

Psychological research (8 decks)

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