6.9-6.11

Question 1

memories are literally “built,” or reconstructed, from the information stored away during encoding.

Answer 1

Constructive processing

Question 2

tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted an outcome without having been told about it in advance

Answer 2

Hindsight bias

Question 3

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

Answer 3

The Misinformation Effect

Question 4

creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis

Answer 4

False-memory syndrome

Question 5

cannot be created for just any kind of memory content, and that false memories are harder to construct than real ones. The memories must at least be plausible.

Answer 5

false memories

Question 6

astonishing and rare ability to recall specific events from his or her personal past but also spends an unusually large amount of time thinking about that personal past
also have the inability to forget

Answer 6

hyperthymesia

Question 7

being able to suppress information that we no longer need makes it easier to remember what we do need

Answer 7

Adaptive forgetting

Question 8

one of the first researchers to study forgetting.
He memorized a list, waited a specific amount of time, and then tried to retrieve the list, graphing his results each time.

Answer 8

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1913)

Question 9

.
The result has become a familiar graph:

Answer 9

the curve of forgetting.

Question 10

happens quickly within the first hour after learning the lists and then tapers off gradually.

Answer 10

forgetting

Question 11

failure to process information into memory
One of the simplest theories is that some things never get encoded in the first place

Answer 11

Encoding Failure

Question 12

some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occurs when a memory is formed

Answer 12

Memory Trace

Question 13

some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occurs when a memory is formed
When these traces are not used over time, they

Answer 13

decay (Memory Trace Decay)

Question 14

Information that is not brought to attention in sensory memory or continuously rehearsed in STM will fade away.
On the other hand, when referring to LTM, decay theory is usually called

Answer 14

disuse

Question 15

A possible explanation of LTM forgetting is that although most long-term memories may be stored more or less permanently in the brain, those memories may not always be accessible to attempted retrieval because

Answer 15

other information interferes

Question 16

A possible explanation of LTM forgetting is that although most long-term memories may be stored more or less permanently in the brain, those memories may not always be accessible to attempted retrieval because other information interferes

Answer 16

Interference Theory

Question 17

In the case of LTM, interference can come from two different “directions.”

Answer 17

Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference

Question 18

the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning (and subsequent retrieval) of new material.

Answer 18

Proactive Interference

Question 19

When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information,

Answer 19

Retroactive Interference