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4th Q > GEN BIO 4th Q > Flashcards

GEN BIO 4th Q Flashcards

1
Q

A biological process in which different organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

The progressive changes in size, shape, and function during the life of an organism

A

Development

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3
Q

2 stages of animal development

A

Reproduction and Development

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4
Q

Types of Reproduction

A

Asexual and Sexual

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5
Q

Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of gametes or sex cells

A

Asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A

Binary Fission
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Budding

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7
Q

The parent cell divides into two, with each daughter cell carrying a nucleus of its own that is genetically identical to the parent.

A

Binary Fission

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8
Q

The parent body divides into several fragments, and each fragment develops into a new organism. (Planaria)

A

Fragmentation

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9
Q

It is the power of growing a new organism from a lost body part

A

Regeneration

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10
Q

It is the process of producing an individual through the buds that develop on the parent body.

A

Budding

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11
Q

It is an organism that reproduces by budding

A

Hydra

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12
Q

Asexual or Sexual

gives the ability to produce large quantities of offspring

A

Asexual

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13
Q

Asexual or Sexual

need to find a mate away, allowing these organisms to multiply

A

Asexual

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14
Q

Asexual or Sexual

can keep themselves alive and produce others to help them without the help of a mate, or other reproductive sources

A

Asexual

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15
Q

Asexual or Sexual

do not have to carry their offspring for a long amount of time and produce more than one at a time.

A

Asexual

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16
Q

Asexual or Sexual

Involves use of gametes and sex cells

A

Sexual

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17
Q

Asexual or Sexual

Reproduction can take place by the participation of a single parent or two parents. Based on this, reproduction can be classified into two types.

A

Sexual

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18
Q

Asexual or Sexual

This type of reproduction is more complex and lengthy

A

Sexual

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19
Q

Asexual or Sexual

gives the benefit of variation and offspring are unique

A

Sexual

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20
Q

Asexual or Sexual

It consists of a set of events and can be divided into three stages: Pre-fertilization, Fertilization, and Post-fertilization

A

Sexual

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21
Q

Fraternal or Identical

2 eggs, 2 sperm

A

FRATERNAL

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22
Q

Fraternal or Identical

1 egg, 1 sperm, nahati sa dalawa

A

Identical

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23
Q

What’s gametes?

A

sex cells (egg cells and sperm cells)

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24
Q

What’s Gonads?

A

reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)

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25
Q

What’s External Genetalia?

A

outer part (penis and vulva)

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26
Q

What’s ovulation?

A

once a month release of eggs

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27
Q

What’s menstruation?

A

not fertilized eggs

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28
Q

The process of providing or obtaining food necessary for the health, survival, and growth of an organism.

A

Nutrition

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29
Q

2 modes of nutrition

A

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs

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30
Q

Manufacture their own nutrients by synthesizing inorganic materials

A

Autotrophs

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31
Q

Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food

A

Autotrophs

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32
Q

2 types of autotrophs

A

Photoautotrophic
Chemoautotrophic

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33
Q

Organisms directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water to form organic food

A

Photoautotrophic

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34
Q

Organisms use chemicals to create simpler organic substances important for their survival

A

Chemoautotrophic

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35
Q

Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

36
Q

Types of Heterotrophs

A

Saprophytic
Parasitic
Holozoic

37
Q

Organisms obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter

A

Saprophytic

38
Q

The organism takes food from another organism (host and parasites)

A

Parasitic

39
Q

Organisms feed by ingesting solid or liquid food (herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore)

A

Holozoic

40
Q

Roots that absorb nutrients

A

Hyphae

41
Q

A complex network of cells and proteins that protect the organism from diseases and other potentially damaging foreign bodies

A

Immune System

42
Q

It is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and other pathogens

A

Infectious Disease

43
Q

Any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

A

Antigen

44
Q

Usually found on the surface of pathogens, and are unique to that particular pathogen

A

Antigen

45
Q

A protein component of the immune system that circulates in the blood, recognizes foreign substances like bacteria and viruses and neutralizes them

A

Antibodies

46
Q

Regions that have a high ratio of different amino acids in a given position, relative to the most common amino acid in that position

A

Hypervariable

47
Q

2 classes of immune system

A

Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System

48
Q

Innate Immune System is also known as

A

Nonspecific Defense

49
Q

These defenses are not directed against any pathogen but instead provide a guard against all infection

A

Innate Immune System

50
Q

It is an important part of the innate immune system and exhibits strong antimicrobial activities against pathogens

A

Lysozyme

51
Q

The body’s most important nonspecific defense

A

Skin

52
Q

A type of white blood cells that circulates throughout the body, looking for potential threats, like bacteria and viruses, to engulf and destroy

A

Phagocytes

53
Q

Types of Phagocytes

A

Macrophages, Mast Cells, Monocytes, Neutrophils

54
Q

Adaptive Immune System is also known as

A

Acquired Immunity

55
Q

Activated by exposure to pathogens, it uses an immunological memory to learn about the threat and enhance the immune response accordingly

A

Adaptive Immune System

56
Q

A small white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a large role in defending the body against disease

A

Lymphocytes

57
Q

they destroy compromised cells in the body and help alert other leukocytes

A

T-cells

58
Q

Types of T-cells

A

Helper T-cells and Killer aka Cytotoxic T-cells

59
Q

they produce antibodies and help alert the T lymphocytes

A

B-cells

60
Q

Types of B-cells

A

Plasma B-cells and Memory B-cells

61
Q

Process of maintaining a stable internal (our body) environment suitable for sustaining life

A

Homeostasis

62
Q

5 components of homeostasis

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
Response

63
Q

A structure that produces the change

A

Stimulus

64
Q

A structure that detects change

A

Receptor

65
Q

A structure that determines the appropriate response to the stimulus

A

Control Center

66
Q

Can be organs, glands, or tissues that are instructed to adjust the amount of output that produces the desired effect

A

Effector

67
Q

The outcome of the adjustment should remove the initial stimulus

A

Response

68
Q

A physiological loop that brings the body either toward or away from the normal steady-state

A

Feedback Mechanism

69
Q

Feedback Mechanism are also known as

A

Feedback Loop

70
Q

2 types of feedback loops

A

Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive Feedback Mechanism

71
Q

It allows the internal condition of the body to go back to its normal or ideal state by inhibiting or removing stimulus

A

Negative Feedback Mechanism

72
Q

3 types of Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

Osmoregulation
Blood Sugar Regulation
Thermoregulation

73
Q

If body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to normal levels

A

Thermoregulation

74
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high

Glucagon raises blood glucose when levels are low

A

Blood Sugar Regulation

75
Q

ADH is secreted to retain water when dehydrated and its release is inhibited when the body is hydrated

A

Osmoregulation

76
Q

What is ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

77
Q

Sugar to glucagon

A

Glycogenesis

78
Q

Glucagon to sugar

A

Glycogenolysis

79
Q

wider blood vessel

A

Vasodilation

80
Q

narrow blood vessel

A

Vasoconstriction

81
Q

2 types of hormones from pancreas

A

Glucagon and Insulin

82
Q

It is an increase in the concentration of products or substances that also results in an increase in the rate of the process.

A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

83
Q

3 types of Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Childbirth
Lactation
Blood Clotting

84
Q

stretching of uterine walls causes contractions that further stretch the walls

A

Childbirth

85
Q

The child feeding stimulates milk production, which causes further feeding (which continues until the baby stops feeding)

A

Lactation

86
Q

Platelets release clotting factors, which cause more platelets to aggregate at the site of injury

A

Blood Clotting

4th Q (3 decks)

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