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Bordeaux Flashcards

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1
Q

What forest separates graves from the sea. What type of trees?

A

Landes forest
Pine

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2
Q

What regulates the climate of Bordeaux?

A

Gironde estuary- regulate temp
Atlantic Ocean- regulate temp
Girone/dordogne- regulate temp
Landes forest- shield from n/nw wind
Pyrenees mtns- shield west weather

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3
Q

How much rainfall does Bordeaux experience?

A

Moderate rainfall
Evenly spread through year

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4
Q

How is Bordeaux’s climate classified?

A

Maritime
Becomes more continental inland toward st emillion/pomerol

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5
Q

Describe Bordeaux’s seasons

A

Short winter
Damp spring
Hot summer

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6
Q

What is Bordeaux mixture?
What is it used for?

A

A mixture of lime, copper sulfate and water.
Used to combat fungal problems

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7
Q

Does Bordeaux have a consistent climate?

A

Bordeaux has a variable climate
Causing Significant vintage variation

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8
Q

How much rain does the medoc receive?

A

~950mm/year more than any other French region

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9
Q

How is Bordeaux classified on the winkler scale

A

Region II

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10
Q

How much land is under vine in Bordeaux?

A

~111,500 hectares
(As of 2017)
Down from 117,500 in 2011

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11
Q

T/F Bordeaux is expanding vineyard plantings

A

False,
Bordeaux went from 117,500 ha in 2011 to 111,500 in 2017

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12
Q

T/F Bordeaux has more acreage under vine than any other French wine growing region

A

True, ~111,500 ha

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13
Q

What % of French vineyard land is located in Bordeaux?

A

~14%

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14
Q

How much wine is produced annually in Bordeaux?

A

5-6 million hectolitres

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15
Q

How many winegrowers are there in Bordeaux?

A

Over 8000

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16
Q

What latitude is Bordeaux

A

Located just south of the 45th parallel

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17
Q

What % of Bordeaux vineyard plantings are red?

A

~ 89%
(mostly merlot, cab sauv, cab franc)

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18
Q

What is the most planted grape in Bordeaux?

A

Merlot

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19
Q

What is the most planted white grape in Bordeaux?

A

Semillon

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20
Q

What type of soil does Merlot prefer?

A

Clay based soils

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21
Q

What type of soil does Cabernet Sauvignon prefer? Why?

A

Gravel soils
Favorable drainage
Heat retention to extend growing hours

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22
Q

T/f Merlot and Malbec are half siblings

A

True
From Magdelaine noir des cherentes

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23
Q

What % of Bordeaux vineyard plantings are Merlot?

A

63%

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24
Q

What % of Bordeaux plantings are Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

~25%

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25
Q

T/f Merlot is more susceptible to rot than Cabernet

A

True, Merlot has thinner skins increasing risk for rot

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26
Q

What % of Bordeaux plantings are Cabernet franc?

A

11%

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27
Q

What qualities does Cabernet franc bring to blends?

A

Adds acidity and aromatics to Merlot based wines

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28
Q

Blank

A

Blank

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29
Q

What is Malbecs historic name?

A

Pressac noir

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30
Q

How much petite Verdot is found in blends?

A

Rarely more than 5% of a wine

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31
Q

What does Petit Verdot add to blends?

A

Color, exotic spice, floral perfume and tannin.
Common in Cabernet Sauvignon blends

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32
Q

T/f petit Verdot is mostly found on left bank

A

True, it as almost nonexistent in right bank

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33
Q

What % of white plantings are semillon?

A

~45%

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34
Q

What % of white plantings are Sauvignon blanc?

A

~43%

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35
Q

T/f Sauvignon gris is genetically identical to Sauvignon Blanc

A

True, but it is listed as seperate variety in cahiers de charges

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36
Q

What does muscadelle bring to blends?

A

Flowery, grapey intense aromatics
A tiny amount can add a huge impact

37
Q

What % of white plantings are muscadelle

A

~5%

38
Q

What new varieties are approved in Bordeaux? What year were they approved?

A

Arinarnoa
Castets
Marselan
Touriga nacional
Alvarinho
Liliorila
Approved in 2021

39
Q

How many grape varieties are allowed in the general Bordeaux region

A

19
Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Cabernet franc, Malbec, petit Verdot, semillon, Sauvignon Blanc,
Sauvignon gris, muscadelle, carmenere, ugni blanc, Merlot blanc, colombard, arinarnoa, castets, marseland, touriga nacional, alvarinho, liliorila

40
Q

How many aops are in Bordeaux?

A

39

41
Q

What three appellations cover the entire Bordeaux region?

A

Bordeaux AOP
Bordeaux Superieur AOP
Cremant de Bordeaux AOP

42
Q

What styles of wine are allowed in Bordeaux AOP

A

Still white, rose, red and clairete wines
Sec, off dry and medium sweet

43
Q

What styles of wine are allowed in Bordeaux superieur AOP?
What year was it established?

A

Still Dry red and medium sweet white wines
1936

44
Q

How many single vineyard and single estate AOPs are there in Bordeaux?

A

None

45
Q

What styles of wine are made in the cremant de Bordeaux AOP?
What are the allowed methods of production?
What are the aging requirements?

A

Sparkling white and rose wines
Traditional method
Minimum 9 months on lees

46
Q

What IGP covers the Bordeaux region?

A

Atlantique IGP

47
Q

What are the classification types under the cru bourgeois system?

A

Cru bourgeois
Cru bourgeois superieur
Cru bourgeois exceptionnel

48
Q

What year was cru bourgeois banned?
What year was it reinstated?

A

2007
2018

49
Q

How many estates are classified under the cru bourgeois system?
When will the next classification be?
How often is it reclassified?

A

249 estates total
56 cru bourgeois superieur
14 cru bourgeois exceptionnel

Next classification in 2025
Reclassified every 5 years

50
Q

When was cru artisan officially recognized?

A

2002

51
Q

What area does the cru bourgeois classification cover?

A

The medoc

52
Q

What area does the cru artisan classification cover?

A

The medoc

53
Q

What does the cru artisan classification categorize?

A

Producers that are “stewards of the land and craft of winemaking”

54
Q

How many cru artisan producers are classified?
What is their average vineyard area?

A

44 original small producers
Currently 33 due to ownership change
Average of 6 ha per producer

55
Q

How often is the cru artisan classification reclassified?

A

Every 5 years

56
Q

What was the original name of Bordeaux?
What civilization founded it?

A

Burdigala
Bituriques vivisci- a Celtic tribe

57
Q

Under whose rule did Bordeaux gain its name?

A

Clovis, king of francs
Changed name from burdigala to Bordeaux
507 AD

58
Q

True/false Bordeaux was part of the English kingdom for 3 centuries?

A

True, England ruled Bordeaux from 1154 to 1435

59
Q

What event caused Bordeaux to originally become a part of France?
In what year?

A

The marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Lois xii
1137

60
Q

Whose marriage brought Bordeaux under English control? When did this occur?

A

Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II
1152
Became king and queen 1154

61
Q

What event brought Bordeaux back under French control?
When did this occur?

A

The end of the 100 years war
1337-1453
Concluded at the battle of Castillon

62
Q

How did English and Dutch tastes differ?

A

English preferred light red clairete
Dutch preferred sweet whites and bold reds

63
Q

What aging technique did the Dutch introduce

A

Burning sulfur candles in barrel prior to aging

64
Q

What infrastructure did the Dutch introduce to Bordeaux?
What effect did this have?
When?

A

A series of canals called jalles
This drained the marshy lowlands of the medoc creating viable vineyard land.
Mid 17th century

65
Q

What event occurred between 1679 and 1683 that increased demand of port

A

The English banned import of French wine, England turned to Portugal. Increasing demand of dry and sweet wines of Portugal.

66
Q

What are the three forests near Bordeaux?
What is their benefit?
What caused these forests to be created?

A

All three are man made forests
Landes- pine Forrest, prevent erosion
Limousin- oak originally for ships
Toncais- oak originally for ships

67
Q

What lasting impacts did napoleon have on Bordeaux?

A

1855 classification
Napoleons laws of descent

68
Q

How many chateaux were included in the classification of 1855

A

57 original dry wine estates
21 Sauternes estates

Due to division there are now
61 classified red wine estates
27 classified estates for white

69
Q

Have there been any changes to the rankings in the classification of 1855?
If so when and what estates?

A

Yes

Mouton Rothschild upgraded from 2nd to 1st growth

1973

70
Q

Who was the first to estate bottle all for heir wine in Bordeaux?

A

Mouton Rothschild

71
Q

What is sur souches?
What is a rough translation?

A

Sir souches was a system where negociants would purchase wine at a value based off of previous vintages.

Translates to “on the stumps”

72
Q

What global market impacted Bordeaux in the early 2000s

A

Increased demand in China caused Bordeaux prices to skyrocket

73
Q

What is place en Bordeaux?

A

A three tier network in Bordeaux?
production- chateaux
Sales- negociant
Broker- courtier

74
Q

What is the en premier system?
What was the original?

A

A system that sells wine futures to merchants and delivering product at a later time.
To mitigate risk and recoup production costs.

75
Q

Who was the first Bordeaux estate to step away from selling en premier?
In what year?

A

Chateau Latour
2012

76
Q

What is a societe civile?
What is its function in Bordeaux?

A

A non business, non government company. (Non profit, trust equivalent)

Avoid transfer of land and resulting taxes while conforming with the napoleons laws of inheritance

77
Q

What vine training system(s) are used in Bordeaux?

A

Vertical trellises in guyot systems;
- double guyot on left bank
- single guyot on right bank

Cordon training common in sweet wine producing areas (produces smaller Berries)

78
Q

T/f Bordeaux mixture is allowed in organic production

A

True

79
Q

T/f filter treatments are allowed in organic production?

A

True

80
Q

T/F chaptilization is allowed in Bordeaux

A

True, but often not necessary

81
Q

What methods are used to concentrate red wines in Bordeaux? Often in colder/wetter vintages?

A

Vacuum distillation
Reverse osmosis
Saignage

82
Q

What is the preferred cap management technique in Bordeaux?
Why?

A

Remontage- pumping over
Less extraction than pigeage (preferred in burgundy) although some producers do use it. It risks overly extracted tannic wines.

83
Q

How long is typical elevage in Bordeaux?

A

18-24 months

84
Q

What is the preferred barrel type in Bordeaux? What size is that?

A

Barrique 225L

85
Q

What is micro oxygenation?
What is its purpose?
Where did the technique originate?

A

Controlled addition of small amounts of oxygen.
Promotes color stability, softens green rustic tannins.
Originated from Madiran

86
Q

What is cliquage?
What is its purpose
What is its drawback

A

Oxygen dosing
Combats reductive qualities
Some say it sacrifices aging potential

87
Q

T/f cork closure Is mandated by law in Bordeaux

A

False, it is used in tradition

88
Q

What is the famous soil of the medoc

A

Gravel mounds called croups

89
Q

How many aops are there in the medoc

A

8 AOPs
Medoc AOP
Haut Medoc AOP
Saint Estephe AOP
Pauillac AOP
Saint Julien AOP
Margaux AOP
Listrac-Medoc AOP
Moulis AOP

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