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Biology P1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe binary fission steps

A

Prokaryotic cells
Duplicates all the genetic material and grows.
Genetic material goes to two sides and the cytoplasm splits

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2
Q

Difference of meiosis and mitosis

A

Meiosis is creating gametes
Mitosis is normal cell division

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3
Q

What is a specific gene responsible for

A

Create a protein

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4
Q

Symbol for micro meter and nano meter and which one is smaller

A

µm is micro meter
nm is nano meter

nano meter is 1000 times smaller than micro meter
1µm = 1000nm

Checkvalues stored in M(micro) and E(nano) values in calculater

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5
Q

Common enzymes what they do and where they are produced

A

Amylase
Starch into sugars
Made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

Protease
Proteins into amino acids
Made in stomach(called pepsin) , pancreas, small intestine
Works best at PH2 in the stomach thats why we adapted stomach acid

Lipase
Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Made in Pancreas, small intestine

(tip all of them created in pancrease and small intestine, amylase and protease are also produced somewhere else)

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6
Q

Where is bile made and stored

A

Made in liver and stored in gall bladder

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7
Q

What to use and how to carry out food tests for different molecules

A

Benedict test for sugar
Mix food sample with 5 drops of benedict solution
Place in water bath of 75°C
Changes from normal blue to green, yellow, brick red

Iodine solution for starch
Add few drops of iodine to food sample and mix
Turns form browny-orange to blue-black

Biuret test for protein
Equal parts biuret and food sample mix
Turns form blue to purple

Sudan III for lipids
3 drops of Sudan 3 to food sample and mix
Stains lipids red and separates them into layers

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8
Q

What does xylem and phloem carry and what direction with correct term

A

Xylem (dead cells) carry water and minerals up called Transpiration (same word is used for water lose in plants)

Phloem carry food substances mainly sugars up and down called Translocation

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9
Q

Formular for glucose and respiration/photosynthesis

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

respiration glucose+ oxygen= co2+water
Photosynthesis CO2+water = glucose+ oxygen

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10
Q

Different types of anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose→ lactic acid using in animals when not enough oxygen

Glucose→ ethanol+ CO2 used in yeast and plants

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11
Q

What is the difference between chloroplast and chlorophyl

A

Chloroplast is the subcellular structure
Chlorophyl is the chemical in chloroplast(think chlorophyl is the chemical that knocks you out)

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12
Q

Factors affecting photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Amount of chloroplast
CO2 concentration
Temperature
water

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13
Q

Describe the steps to develop drugs with reasons

A

1) Test drug on human tissue sample or cell
to test if it will have an effect on the cells

2)Test on a living animal
to test the effects on the whole body system and see if it is toxic and to find its dosage

3)Test on health human volunteers
To test if they have any negative side affects and to get the dosage right

4) Test on ill patients, use placebos and a double blind test to get accurate results without any biases

6)Peer review to double check everything has been done right

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14
Q

What is the difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes

A

Lymphocytes release antibodies
Phagocytes engulf and kill (think phagocytosis to remember)

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15
Q

What is it called when a white blood cell engulfs

A

Phagocytosis

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16
Q

Describe use of monoclonal antibodies

A

Mobile antibodies made to attach to a certain hormone with a dye attached to them

If hormone is present it attaches to the antibody and drags it up the paper when soaking up the paper

The hormone and mobile antibody will attach to a hormone that is stuck down to the paper if the hormone is present concentrating the blue dye and creating a blue line

Same thing happens with a control line to test if the test is valid by testing for a hormone that should be there no matter what

17
Q

Describe rate of enzyme RP

A

Add a drop of iodine in every well of a spotting tile

Place two test tubes in a water bath of 35C one containing starch the other one containing amylase and a buffer solution at Ph5

Mix the two test tubes and star a timer

Every 10 seconds add a drop of the solution into the well if the colour changes to black means starch is still present if it doesn’t change colour means the amylase has broken down the starch

Repeat at different Ph

18
Q

Describe the structure of a leaf

A

Waxy cuticle on the top of the cell to reduce water loss by evaporation

Epidermis cells on top and bottom the top one being transparent to let light through

Palisade mesophyll 2nd layer this is where most of photosynthesis occurs

Xylem and phloem to carry stuff

Spongy mesophyll has air spaces to let CO2 in to allow for photosynthesis

Guard cells that open and close to let CO2 in and water out

19
Q

Factors affecting rates of transpiration

A

Light intensity
More light means stomata are open to let CO2 in for photosynthesis so more water will be lost

Humidity
More humid less water diffuses into the air because the concentration of water is nearly the same so less water gets diffused

Air flow
More air flow means the air around the leaf gets replaced quicker so the high concentration of water in the air the leaf gets replaced increasing the difference between the concentrations

Temperature
Higher temp the quicker it evaporates

20
Q

Definition of transpiration

A

The uptake of water from the roots to the leaves then out into the air ,caused by the evaporating and diffusion of water creating a shortage of water at the leaves causing water to be drawn up through the xylem

Side effect of stomata’s being used to allow CO2 into the leaves

21
Q

Structure of lungs

A

Trachea bronchi/bronchus bronchioles alveoli

22
Q

What effects the size of the stomata

A

If there is no light then the guard cells flaccid closing the stomata

If there is a lot of water they swell and open up allowing water to evaporate and gases to diffuse to allow for photosynthesis

If there is a lack of water they flaccid and close so not too much water is lost

23
Q

Different uses of glucose in plants

A

Stored as oils in seeds

Stored as insoluble starch in cells so it doesn’t cause osmosis and draw in water to swell up cells as glucose is soluble

Converted into cellulose to strengthen cell walls

Glucose and nitrate ions used to make amino acids for protein

Glucose used in respiration to

24
Q

Different plant defences

A

Physical
waxy cuticle stops pathogen from entering
Cell wall barrier for pathogen
Dead cells around tree bark
thorns

Mechanical
Leaves that curl up when touched

Chemical
antibacterial chemicals produced
poison to not get eaten

25
Q

Different plant dieses

A

Viral
Bacteria
fungal
Insects (aphids)

26
Q

Signs for plant dieseses

A

Stunted growth
Malformed leaves and stems
Discolouration
Patches of decay
Spots on leaves
Insects on plant

27
Q

How can you identify plant dieses

A

Looking at a garden manual or website
Testing plant in laboratory
Use testing kit that identifies pathogens using monoclonal antibodies

28
Q

What ions do plants need and what happens when there is a lack of them

A

Need nitrate ions to create amino acids then proteins for growth if lack means stunted growth

Need magnesium ions for chlorophyll if lack means discoloration of leaves called Chlorosis

29
Q

Advantage and disadvantages of artificial heart

A

ADV
readily available
doesn’t get attacked by the body son no need for imuno suppressants

Disadv
Not as efficient as biological heart so usually used as temporary fix
Blood doesn’t move as smoothly so can cause clots so blood thinning drugs are taken

30
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

Smoking
UV radiation
genetics
Viral infection
Obesity

31
Q

Human defences in immune system

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies to mark and then engulf

Antitoxins that counter the toxins produced by bacteria

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