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adult health 2 exam 3 > Exam 3 Other topic Questions > Flashcards

Exam 3 Other topic Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Graft vs, Host Disease?

A

Graft vs. Host disease is a complication usually regarding a stem cell transplantation. The donated stem cells the patients receives during the transplant view the hosts cells as foreign and the graft cells attack the host cells.

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2
Q

What are some risk factors for leukemia?

A
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Viral infection
  • Exposure to chemicals and drugs.
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3
Q

What are risk factors for multiple myeloma?

A
  • Radiation exposure
  • Chemical exposure
  • Infection with human herpesvirus
  • Older age
  • Common in males
  • African American
  • Obesity
  • Family history
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4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Leukemia?

A

Leukemia includes a group of malignant disorders that affect the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen. The loss of cell division regulation leads to the accumulation of dysfunctional immature white blood cells that, is left untreated, causes fatalities. The four types of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although patients diagnosed with leukemia may have a normal or high white blood cell count, they are at increased risk of infection. Bone marrow is responsible for making blood cells: WBCs. RBCs, and platelets. In leukemia there is an overproduction of white bloods cells that crowd out the production of normal cells, leading to low RBCs and low platelets.

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5
Q

What labs are associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?

A
  • Increased WBCs (Norm: 4,500-11,000)
  • Philadelphia chromosome
  • Low hemoglobin (Norm: 12-18)
  • Low hematocrit (Norm: 36-54)
  • Low platelet (Norm: 150,000-450,000)
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6
Q

What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

Lymphoma refers to cancer of the lymphatic system. A genetic mutation causes cells to rapidly multiply. The accumulation of these diseased lymphocytes causes swelling of the lymph nodes.

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7
Q

What would be some assessment findings in a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Cough
  • Itching
  • Night sweats
  • Lack of appetite
  • Swollen, painless lymph nodes
  • Fever without infection
  • Weight loss
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8
Q

What diagnostics would be done on a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • Lymph node biopsy
  • Blood test: Reed-Sternberg cells
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9
Q

What interventions would be done for a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Lymph node removal
  • Monitor for signs and symptoms of metastasis (high risk)
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10
Q

What medication therapy would a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma be on?

A
  • Chemotherapy drugs
  • Antiemetics for chemo side effects such as nausea
  • Antihistamines for chemo side effects
  • Analgesics for pain
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11
Q

What would be some assessment findings be in a patient with esophageal cancer?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Progressive dysphagia
  • Anemia
  • Abdominal pain
  • Burning in chest
  • Dark stool from digested blood
  • Indigestion
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting blood
  • Loss of appetite
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12
Q

What are some post surgical care things for a patient with esophageal cancer should be done?

A
  • NG tube: Do not manipulate
  • Assess respiratory status
  • Semi-fowlers position
  • IV fluids
  • Pain management
  • Nutritional support
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13
Q

When explaining what dumping syndrome is to a patient with stomach cancer, what should the nurse explain?

A

Dumping syndrome occurs when the stomach empties its contents rapidly into the small intestine. Partially digested food causes excess fluid to build up in the small intestine.

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14
Q

What are some side effects of dumping syndrome?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Dizziness
  • Stomach cramping
  • Heart palpitations
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15
Q

What are some risk factors for stomach cancer?

A

Environmental/ lifestyle

Diet
- Smoked foods
- Nitrates
- High sodium intake
- Tobacco
- Alcohol

Infection/ Disease
- H. Pylori infections
- Epstein Barr Virus
- Chronic gastric atrophy
- Pernicious anemia (Low B12)

Familial
- FAP: Familial Adenomatous polypsis
- HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

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16
Q

What are some risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A

Non-modifiable
- Over the age of 50
- Genetic predisposition
- Personal/ family history
- Diseases that predispose the patient to cancer.

Modifiable
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Heavy alcohol consumption
- High fat diet

17
Q

What are some diagnostics that are done to help confirm colorectal cancer?

A
  • Colonoscopy: To be able to visualize the colon
  • Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Used to detect blood in the stool, which could indicate the presence of cancer.
18
Q

What are some discharge teaching points that the nurse should educate a patient with laryngeal cancer on?

A
  • Avoid swimming and use care when showering and shaving.
  • Lean slightly forward and cover the stoma when coughing or sneezing.
  • Wear a stoma guard or loose fitting clothing to cover the stoma.
  • Clean the stoma with mild soap and water. Lubricate the stoma with a non-oil based ointment as needed.
  • Increase humidity by using saline in the stoma as instructed, a bedside humidifier, pans of water, and house plants.
  • Obtain and wear a MedicAlert bracelet and an emergency care card for life-threatening situations.
19
Q

What are some immediate post op care things that the nurse should do/monitor for in a patient with laryngeal cancer?

A
  • Airway maintenance
  • Ensure gas exchange
  • Managing wound and wound breakdown
  • Managing pain
  • Maintaining nutrition (via NG tube, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy tube)
  • Promoting communication ( via esophageal speech, mechanical devices, or tracheoesophageal puncture)
  • Preventing aspiration
  • Supporting self-esteem
20
Q

What are treatment options for Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted therapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Photodynamic therapy: may be used to remove small bronchial tumors when they are accessible by bronchoscopy.
  • Palliative care
21
Q

What are treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Stages 1&2
- Surgery (pneumonectomy, lobectomy, segmental or wedge restriction)
- Medical (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy)

Stages 3&4
- Medical (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy)
- Palliative (palliative care/ palliation; which may include palliative surgery.)

22
Q

In what ways does cancer metastasize?

A

Direct extension: The primary tumor grows into tissue or structures around it.

Blood circulation: Cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor, travel through the blood and form a new tumor in other organs or tissues of the body.

Lymph system: The spread of cancer cells into a lymph node.

23
Q

For cancer in general; what is tumor lysis?

A

Tumor lysis syndrome is when large numbers of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly. The intracellular contents and subsequent by products of damaged cancer cells are released into the bloodstream faster than the body can eliminate them. Severe or untreated tumor lysis syndrome can cause acute kidney injury and death.

24
Q

For can in general; what is superior vena cava syndrome?

A

The superior vena cava returns all the blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities to the heart. Compression or obstruction by tumor growth or by clots in this vessel leads to congestion of blood returning to the body. This is known as superior vena cava syndrome and can develop quickly or gradually over time. Superior vena cava syndrome occurs most often in patients with mediastinal tumors, or tumors near the chest wall or indwelling catheters.

25
Q

What are signs and symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome?

A

Early s/s:
- Edema of the face (especially around the eyes (periorbital edema)
- Reports of head fullness

As compression worsens, the patient develops:
- Engorged blood vessels
- Erythema of the upper body
- Edema in the arms and hands
- Dyspnea
- The development of stridor

Late symptoms:
- Hemorrhage
- Cyanosis
- Mental status changes
- Decreased cardiac output
- Hypertension

26
Q

What are some management care points for a patient with Alzheimer’s?

A

Drug therapy

Safe environment
- Remove throw rugs and clutter from floors
- Grab bars installed in showers and tubs
- Night light “well lit halls”

Moderate exercise

Behavioral modification
- Provide simple, easy to follow daily routines and reinforcing reality orientation are important

Assistance with functional independence
- Maintaining independence increases self-esteem and promotes overall health preventing depression

Location and Locked Down
- Safe return bracelet on
wrist
- Locked doors: Stairwell
- Lock hazards
- Medications locked or out of reach

Living areas
- Allow for free movement
- Place frequently used items within reach

Simple communication
- No open ended questions
- Not too many option
- Do not rush client

27
Q

What are some ways to prevent BPH?

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Weight loss
  • Physical activity
  • No alcohol consumption
  • Decrease/eliminate caffeine consumption
28
Q

What are some CBI complication?

A
  • Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
  • Catheter blockage due to clots obstructing it.
  • Prolonged blood tinged urine and clots
29
Q

In chronic kidney disease what, why, and the safety when is comes to an AV fistula

A

An internal arteriovenous (AV fistula) is formed by surgically connecting an artery to a vein. The vessels used most often are the radial or brachial artery and the cephalic vein of the nondominant arm. Fistulas increase venous blood flow needed for effective dialysis. AV fistulas are safer than grafts because they last longer and are less likely to clot.

30
Q

Why would a patient with chronic kidney disease be given epoetin alfa?

A

Epoetin alfa helps the body make more red blood cells. If the body does not produce enough EPO, severe anemia may occur. This often occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease whose kidneys are not working properly. Epoetin is used to treat severe anemia in patients on kidney dialysis or for those not on dialysis.

31
Q

What are risks for hepatitis A?

A

Fecal to oral: Contaminated food and water via fecal matter and ingested by someone orally.
- Lack of safe water
- Poor sanitation and hygiene

32
Q

How is hepatitis C transmitted?

A

It is transmitted primarily by blood.
- IV use: sharing needles
- Needlestick injury

adult health 2 exam 3 (9 decks)

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