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Global health > Communicable and non communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable and non communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of non communicable disease?

A
  • the burden of NCDs will continue to increase as countries develop economically
  • The risk factors relate in significant ways to lifestyle, much of which is within peoples control
  • Often prevented at low cost, but expensive to treat
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2
Q

What are the costs and consequences of noncommunicable diseases?

A
  • direct costs of treatment
  • Indirect costs from lost productivity
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3
Q

Ischemic heart disease and stroke make up what percent of all global deaths?

A

27%

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4
Q

What are risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

sex, ethnicity, hypertension, tobacco use, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption

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5
Q

What percent of all deaths from diabetes are in low income and middle income countries?

A

80%

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6
Q

Costly complications of diabetes?

A

blindness, kidney failure, amputation of lower extremities, and stroke

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7
Q

What are risk factors for diabetes?

A
  • family history is a risk factor for both types
  • Diet and obesity are also risk factors for type 2
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8
Q

Addressing diabetes?

A
  • avoiding being overweight is the single most important way to prevent type 2 diabetes
  • treating people with type 1 diabetes with insulin is a cost effective investment
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9
Q

How does physical activity affect type 2 diabetes?

A
  • regular exercise many prevent or delay type 2 diabetes
    -Adults with type 2 diabetes should ideally perform both aerobic and resistance exercise training for optimal glycemic and health outcomes
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10
Q

Cancer

A
  • unique challenge because there are many forms and each may have different characteristics
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11
Q

Addressing cancer?

A
  • tobacco control is first priority
  • Address infectious agents associated with cancer
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12
Q

Mental disorders?

A
  • Unipolar depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder contribute the largest share
  • associated with a low burden of deaths
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13
Q

What does the WHO recommend about mental disorders?

A

WHO recommends that countries have a:
mental health policy
-budget for mental health programs
- train primary healthcare workers in mental health

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14
Q

Physiological affects of physical activity on mental health?

A

PA boosts production of endorphins and endocannabinoids and reduces the amount of cortisol

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15
Q

psychological affects of physical activity on mental health?

A

regular PA can help increase feelings of self-esteem and self efficacy

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16
Q

Social affects of PA on mental health

A

people who exercise regularly tend to have bigger social networks and stronger relationships with friends and family

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17
Q

Neurological affects of PA on mental health

A

PA helps your brain to use and produce more dopamine and serotonin

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18
Q

Vision and hearing loss

A
  • over 80% of vision loss can be prevented or cured
  • No coherent plan for hearing loss yet but half of all cases of hearing loss can be addressed by primary prevention
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19
Q

Tobacco use

A
  • ## third leading attributable risk factor for death globally
20
Q

addressing tobacco use

A
  • taxing cigarettes at higher rates would be effective for reducing consumption
  • legal restrictions on smoking
  • Ban on cigarette advertising
21
Q

Alcohol

A

ninth leading attributable risk factor for global deaths

high risk drinking increases risk for hypertension, heart disease, hormonal problems, and liver and pancreatic damage

22
Q

Addressing alcohol

A

tax
limiting hours when alcohol can be sold
checking sobriety of drivers

23
Q

Addressing high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity

A
  • food labelling
  • Work with producers to reduce sugar and salt
  • Mass health education programs
24
Q

What is the importance of communicable diseases?

A
  • cause 40% of deaths and 40% of DALYs in low and middle income countries
  • disproportionately affect the poor
  • enormous economic consequences
25
Q

Transmission paths for communicable diseases:

A
  • foodborne: salmonella, e coli
  • waterborne: cholera, rotavirus
  • Sexual or bloodborne: hepatitis, HIV
  • Vector borne: malaria
  • Inhalation: tuberculosis
  • non traumatic contact: anthrax
  • Traumatic contact: rabies
26
Q

Different control measures for communicable diseases?

A
  • Vaccination
  • mass chemo
  • vector control
  • improved water, sanitation and hygiene
  • improved care seeking
  • Case management
  • Case surveillance
  • behavioral change
27
Q

Costs and consequences of communicable diseases?

A
  • constrain health and development of children
  • strong stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and TB
  • limit productivity and income of burden families
  • cost of treatment burden families
28
Q

The burden of HIV/AIDS

A
  • When HIV first appears in a population it is generally concentrated in sex workers, men who have sex with men, or injection drug users
29
Q

HIV treatment

A
  • antiretroviral therapy
30
Q

Costs and consequences of HIV/AIDS

A

-creates exceptional number or orphans
- Highly stigmatized condition
- direct cost of treatment high for the poorest countries

31
Q

Addressing the burden of HIV/AIDS

A

successful efforts will involve:
- condom promotion
- screening and treatment for STIs
- Prevention of mother to child transmission
- Voluntary male medical circumcision

32
Q

Critical challenged in HIV/AIDS

A
  • developing a vaccine
    -Cost-effective approaches to prevention in different settings
  • management of HIV and TB co-infection
33
Q

The burden of TB

A
  • an untreated person with active TB can infect 10 to 15 people annually
  • about 2/3 of those with active TB disease will die of the disease if not treated properly
34
Q

Costs and consequences of TB

A

TB patients lose about 60% of their individual annual income and 40% of household income due to falling ill with TB

Stigmatized condition

35
Q

Addressing the burden of TB

A
  • WHO recommends a 6 month regimen for drug-susceptible disease; includes 4 drugs
36
Q

Management of TB/HIV co-infection

A

The 3 Is
- intensified case finding
- Giving isoniazid to people with HIV to prevent their getting TB
- enhancing infection control in hc settings so that tB does not spread

37
Q

burden of malaria

A
  • leading cause of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa among all age groups
  • The most important risk factor for malaria is being bitten by mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite
  • Pregnant women who contract malaria are at high risk of giving birth to low birthweight children
38
Q

Costs and consequences of Malaria

A
  • individuals often have malaria up to 5 times per year
  • Indirect costs are greater than direct costs of treatment to lost days of work
39
Q

Key interventions of Malaria

A
  • prompt treatment of those infected, based on confirmed diagnosis
  • intermittent preventative therapy for pregnant women
40
Q

Burden of diarrheal disease?

A
  • most significantly impacts the poor
  • fourth leading cause of death for under 5 children
  • third leading cause of DALYs among under 5 children
41
Q

Disease prevention strategies for diarrhea?

A
  • promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months
  • improved complementary feeding after 6 months
  • rotavirus and measles immunization
  • Improving access to clean water supple and sanitation
  • case management interventions include oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, and selective antibiotics
42
Q

Burden of neglected tropical diseases?

A
  • more than 1 billion infected
  • diseases of poverty
  • very little money spent on these diseases
43
Q

Consequences of the NTDs

A
  • chronic helminth infection in children can limit the physical and mental development of the child
  • pregnant women with anemia, commonly caused by hookworm in low income countries are 3.5 times more likely to die during childbirth
44
Q

Possible complications of NTDs?

A

blindness, liver cancer, remarkable swelling, skin problems, increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases, social stigma

45
Q

future challenges for NTDs

A

-hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccines
- develop new drugs to combat the NTDs more effectively and combat resistance

Global health (22 decks)

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