Lesson 2.1 Phenetic and Phenotypic Classification Flashcards

1
Q

This system suceeded in bringing order to biological diversity and clarify the morphological structures .

A

Phenetic or Phenotypic classification

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2
Q

Refers to the size and shape of the bacteria

A

Morphology

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3
Q

What are the common shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci- spherical
Bacili- rod
Spirilla- spiral
Vibrios- comma
Spirochaetes- corkscrew-shaped

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4
Q

Staining technique that is used to distinguish bacteria based on their cell wall structure

A

Gram staining

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5
Q

What are the two outcomes of gram staning

A

Gram positive- thick peptidoglycan would stain purple
Gram-negative- thin peptidoglycan, would stain pink. have outer membrane

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6
Q

What are the process of gram staining

A

Crystal violet - 60 sec
Iodine- 60 sec
Ethyl Alcohol - 5-10 sec
Safranin - 45 sec

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7
Q

Function of cell wall

A

protect against cell lysis and confer shape and rigidity

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8
Q

____ and ____ are antibiotics that targets the bacterial cell wall synthesis.

A

Penicillin and cephalosporin

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9
Q

What is the repeating unit of peptidoglycan is called _______.

In some bacteria, other amino acids are present such as _______

A

glycan tetrapeptide

Cross-linkers

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10
Q

It is a rigid polysaccharide and confers structural strength on the cell

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Alternating repeats of two modified
glucose residues

A

N-acetylglucosamine (first hydroxide)

N-acetylmuramic acid (fourth hydroxide)

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12
Q

Difference in peptidoglycan between E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram negative and E.coli: no interbridge
S.aureus:

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13
Q

Which bond confers strength on peptidoglycan in X-direction____
and ____ in Y-direction

A

X- glycosidic bond
Y- peptide bond

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14
Q

Gram-negative bacteria cross link
Gram- positive bacteria cross link

A

Gram-negative: DAP Diaminopimelic acid from the glycan strand to another carbonyl of d-alanine to the adjacent glycan

Gram-positive: inter bridge, five glycines

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15
Q

What are some components found only in gram-positive

A

Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids

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16
Q

The structure of teichoic acid is consists of repeating ____ unit

A

ribitol

17
Q

Gram-positive bacteria has ___ of peptidoglycan

A

90%

18
Q

Gram-positive bacteria can form ____ about ____ wide consisting of several glycan strands

A

cables, 50 nm

19
Q

______ have proteins that are
involved with the peptidoglycan along with the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Gram-positive

20
Q

are composed of glycerol
phosphate or ribitol phosphate with
attached molecules of glucose or
d-alanine (or both).

A

Teichoic acid

21
Q

Lipoteichoic acids are anchored in _________
Teichoic acids are covalently bonded to _________

A

Lipoteichoic acids are anchored in the cell membrane via glycolipids

Teichoic acid is bonded to membrane lipids and not peptidoglycan

22
Q

Location of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

A

teichoic- external
lipoteichoic- cytoplasmic membrane

23
Q

The stucture found only in gram-negative bacteria

A

LPS- the outer membrane

24
Q

The second lipid bilayer, containing lipid
and polysaccharide, is linked to form this complex

A

lipopolysaccharide

25
Q

It acts as an effective barrier against many substances such as antibiotics

A

lipopolysaccharide

26
Q

The important biological activity of LPS is ____ and found in the following:

A

toxicity; endotoxins
Salmonella, shigella and e.coli

27
Q

LPS is composed of two polysaccharides

A

Core polysaccharide
O-specific polysaccharide
Lipid A

28
Q

Which structure of the LPS contains endotoxin complex

A

Lipid A

29
Q

Composition of LPS that has
components present in sugar form. It possesses a chain of KDO that stands as keto deoxy octanoate relating to Lipid A

A

core polysaccharide

30
Q

Another component of LPS that anchors the outer membrane and peptidoglycan

A

Braun lipoprotein