Conditions

Question 1

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 1

Reduced circulation of blood to body (other than heart or brain) often caused from atherosclerosis

Question 2

Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

The buildup of fatty deposits where there is damage to intima lining of arteries. This restricts blood flow leading to conditions such as angina and eventually could lead to an infarction.

Question 3

Stable angina

Answer 3

Centralised chest pain after exertion which resolves with rest.

Question 4

Unstable angina

Answer 4

A form of acute coronary syndrome where an incomplete occlusion of the artery causes ischaemia without necrosis. This is harder to manage than stable angina and is indicative of high risk of MI.

Question 5

NSTEMI

Answer 5

A form of acute coronary syndrome where an incomplete occlusion of the artery causes necrosis. This causes an increase in troponin levels and requires urgent treatment.

Question 6

STEMI

Answer 6

Complete occlusion of a coronary artery cuasing rapid cell necrosis. This requires urgent treatment from PPCI clinic.

Question 7

Aortic dissection

Answer 7

Intimo-medial tear in the aorta. This can be categorised by location through stanford or DeBakey systems. Stanford type 1 is thoracic aorta and type 2 is abdominal. DeBakey type 1 is ascending and descending, type 2 is ascending and type 3 is descending. This requires urgent treatment.

Question 8

Aortic Aneurysm

Answer 8

The widening of the aorta over time which can be in the thoracic or abdominal aorta. As this gets larger, the risk of rupture into dissection increases.

Question 9

Musculoskeletal pain

Answer 9

Any damage to muscles, tendons, ligaments or bone

Question 10

Asthma

Answer 10

Hypersensitivity reaction causing inflammation of the airways and excess mucus production from a range of stimuli.

Question 11

COPD

Answer 11

Chronic inflammation of the lungs from emphysema, chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive airways disease. There is a higher number of protease destroying lung tissue with not enough antiprotease to prevent.

Question 12

Heart failure

Answer 12

When the cardiac output is unable to keep up with the bodys demand for oxygen rich blood. This can be due to decreased stroke volume or decreased heart rate

Question 13

Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 13

Thrombus forms (through abnormal blood flow/ hypercoagulability/ altered vessel wall) and is dislodged to become embolus which then gets lodged in the lungs disrupting blood flow causing shortness of breath and eventually will lead to heart failure.

Question 14

Anaphylaxis

Answer 14

A severe hypersensitivity reaction to drugs, food, or toxin that causes life threatening breathing and circulation problems.

Question 15

Pneumonia

Answer 15

Infection causing inflammation and excess mucus production in the lung tissue. This can affect the bronchi, the alveoli or the interstitial space.

Question 16

Primary/ Secondary Pneumothorax

Answer 16

Collapse of the lung either spontaneously or as a result of a seperate condiiton. Symptoms will vary with the severity of the collapse.

Question 17

Bronchiolitis

Answer 17

Infection of the bronchioles causing inflammation in children up to 6 months old.

Question 18

Epiglottitis

Answer 18

Infection causing inflammation of the epiglottis in children between ages 2-6.

Question 19

Croup

Answer 19

Infection causing inflammation of the larynx in children between ages 6 months - 3 years.

Question 20

Viral induced wheeze

Answer 20

The name given for asthma symptoms before it can be diagnosed.

Question 21

Pulmonary Oedema

Answer 21

Buildup of fluid in the lungs through either heart failure or through damage to alveoli/capillaries.

Question 22

Pericarditis

Answer 22

An excess of fluid in the pericardium due to inflammation which could be a result of infection. This will lead to cardiac tamponade.

Question 23

Pancreatitis

Answer 23

Protease is activated while still in the pancreas causing it to begin to break down.

Question 24

Peptic ulcer

Answer 24

When the mucus layer of the stomach is compromised, the stomach acid can begin to damage the lining causing damage and an ulcer to form which can burst

Question 25

Cholecystitis

Answer 25

Inflammation of the gall bladder after gall stones are formed. This will present with affected vital signs.

Question 26

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 26

Increased pressure on the heart from a buildup of fluid in the pericardial sac stops the heart from fully expanding.

Question 27

Aortic stenosis

Answer 27

Calcification of the heart valves reducing function. This presents as heart failure ad may be audible on ausculatation.

Question 28

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Answer 28

When stomach acid enters the lower oesophagus causing damage to the lining.

Question 29

Costochondritis

Answer 29

A type of muskuloskeletal pain. The inflammation of cartilage attaching the ribs to the sturnum

Question 30

Deep vein thrombosis

Answer 30

Blood clot in a deep vein, thypically in the legs through atherosclerosis. Blood clots require either abnormal blood flow, hypercoagulabiltiy or altered vessel wall to form.

Question 31

Tension Pneumothorax

Answer 31

Can develop from primary/ secondary pneumothorax or from other conditions or trauma. Air enters the pleural space and compresses organs in the chest.

Question 32

Biliary colic

Answer 32

Inflammation of the gall bladder after gall stones are formed. This will present without affected vital signs.