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Biology Paper 1 > B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Organisation of humans

A

Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems

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2
Q

A catalyst is a _________ which __________ the speed of reaction, without being ________ or _____ ___ in the reaction.

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction.

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3
Q

Enzymes are…

A
  • Large proteins that are made up of chains of amino acids.
  • These chains are folded into unique shapes which enzymes need to do their jobs
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4
Q

Every enzyme has an…

A

Active Site

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5
Q

Enzymes need the optimum _____________ and ___.

A

Temperature and pH.

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6
Q

Detecting starch practical

A
  • ## Put a drop of iodine solution into the spotting tiles.
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7
Q

Rate of reaction =

A

1000/time

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8
Q

Starch is broken down by ________ which breaks it down to a ________. It can be found it _________ _______, _________ and _______ _________.

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Maltose
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Pancreas
  5. Small Intestine
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9
Q

Protein is broken down by ________ which breaks it down to _____ ________. It can be found it _________, _________ and _______ _________.

A
  1. Protease
  2. Amino Acids
  3. Stomach
  4. Pancreas
  5. Small Intestine
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10
Q

Lipids are broken down by ________ which breaks it down to ________ and _____ ________. It can be found it _________ and _______ _________.

A
  1. Lipase
  2. Glycerol
  3. Fatty acids
  4. Pancreas
  5. Small Intestine
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11
Q

Bile is prouced in the ________ and stored in the ____ ________ before it is released to the ______ __________.
It _________ stomach acid and _________ fats.

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall Bladder
  3. Small Intestine
  4. Neutralises
  5. Emulsifies
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12
Q

Benedict’s Test

A
  • Test for reducing sugars
  • Prepare a food sample and put it in a test tube
  • Prepare a water bath
  • Add Benedict solution to the test tube
  • After a while, if the solution in the test tube has turned green, yellow or brick-red (depending on the sugar content)- it containsa reducing sugar
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13
Q

Iodine Solution Starch Test

A
  • Prepare a food sample and put it into a test tube.
  • Add few drops of iodine solution - if it contains starch it will chnage from browny orange to black or blue-black.
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14
Q

Biuret Test

A
  • Prepare a food sample and put it into a test tube.
  • Add biuret solution and if it contains protein it will turn blue to purple.
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15
Q

Sudan III Test

A
  • Prepare a food sample and put it into a test tube and add the solution.
  • If it contains lipids, it will seperate out into two layers, the top will be bright red
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16
Q

The lungs are in the _________

A

Thorax

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17
Q

Organisation of Lungs

A

Air goes into Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

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18
Q

The right __________ pumps ______________ blood to the ______ to take in oxygen. The left _________ pumps oxygenated ______ around all the other organs.

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs.

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19
Q

Pacemaker & Artificial Pacemaker

A
  • Controls heart rate by producing a small electric impulse and causes muscles to contract.
  • Artficial Pacemaker is used when to control heartbeat if the natural one doesnt work properly
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20
Q

Arteries carry blood _____ _____ the heart. They pump the blood at a _____ pressure, causing their walls to be _______ ______ and _____. They have _____ lumens.

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They pump the blood at a high pressure, causing their walls to be strong elastic and thick. They have small lumens.

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21
Q

Capillaries have a ____ wall - only ___ cell with a very ______ lumen. They have ____________ walls , so substances can _______ in and out.

A

Capillaries have a thin wall - only one cell with a very small lumen. They have permeable walls , so substances can diffuse in and out.

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22
Q

Veins take blood _____ to the heart. The blood is at ______ pressure so the walls don’t have to be as _____ as arteries. They have a ____ lumen to help the blood _____. They also have _______ to keep the blood flowing in the right __________.

A

Veins take blood back to the heart. The blood is at lower pressure so the walls don’t have to be as thick as arteries. They have a wide lumen to help the blood flow. They also have valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction.

23
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • Carry Oxygen
  • Biconcave shape for a large surface area
  • No Nucleus
  • Red pigment called haemoglobin
  • Transforms into oxyhaemoglobin
24
Q

White Blood Cells

A
  • Defend against infection
  • Engulf microorganisms - phagocytosis
  • Can produce antibodies and antitoxins
  • Have nucleus
25
Q

Platelets

A
  • Help blood clot
  • No nucleus
26
Q

Plasma

A
  • Carries Red & White blood cells, platelets, glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins.
27
Q

Stents

A
  • Keeps Arteries open that get blocked by fatty buildup
  • Fatty buildup causes them to be narrow so blood flow is restricted and theres a lack of oxygen - can cause heart attacks.
  • Lowers the risk of a heart attack in people with CHD.
  • Risks of complications during the operation.
28
Q

Statins

A
  • Drgs that reduce the excessive amount of cholestrol present in the bloodstream.
  • Slows the rate of fatty deposits forming.
  • Long term drug that has to be taken regularly.
  • The effects arent instant.
29
Q

Artificial Hearts

A
  • Mechanical devices that pump blood.
  • Temporary until a donor can be found.
  • Less likely to be rejected by the body
  • Can lead to bleeding and infection and doesnt work as efficently.
30
Q

Benign and Malignant

A
  • Benign: Stays in one place and isnt dangerous or cancerous
  • Malignant: Grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues. Dangerous and can be fatal, cancerous.
31
Q

Order:
1. Xylem and phloem
2. Epidermal Tissue
3. Meristem tissue
4. Palisade mesophyll
5. Spongy Mesophyll tissue

A
  1. Epidermal Tissue
  2. Palisade mesophyll
  3. Spongy Mesophyll tissue
  4. Xylem and phloem
  5. Meristem tissue
32
Q

Epidermal Tissue

A

Covers the whole plant

33
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Where most of the photosynthesis happens

34
Q

Spongy Mesophyll tissue

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

35
Q

Xylem and phloem

A

Transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant.

36
Q

Meristem tissue

A

Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell, allowing the plan to grow.

37
Q

Phloem are made of ___________ living cells with ______ pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through and transport ______ substances and goes both ways. This is called ______________.

A

Phloem are made of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through and transport food substances and goes both ways. This is called translocation.

38
Q

Xylem tubes carry ______ and ________ ions from the roots to the _____ and ______, the movement is called _____________ stream.

A

Xylem tubes carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves, the movement is called transpiration stream.

39
Q

The Transpiration System is affected by:

A
  • Light Intensity
  • Temperature
  • Air Flow
  • Humidity
40
Q

Guard Cells

A
  • When too much water > goes turgid and opens the stomata
  • When no water > goes flaccid and closes the stomata
  • Thin outer walls and thick inner walls make the opening and closing work.
  • Sensitive to light so they close at night.
41
Q

pH effect on Enzyme Activity practical

A
  • Put a drop of iodine into every well of a spotting tile
  • Place a Bunsen burner and a tripod and gauze over it and put the beaker of water on top of it
  • Heat till 35°
  • Use a syringe to add amylase and buffer solution with a pH of 5
  • Next, use a different syringe to add 5cm of starch solution
  • Mix the contents and start a stop clock
  • Repeat the whole experiment with buffer solutions of different pH
42
Q

Risk Factors that can cause disease directly

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol
  • Exposure to substances or Radiation
43
Q

Factors that can affect your health

A
  • Balanced diet
  • Stress
  • Life situation
44
Q

Lock and Key theory?

A

Enzymes have a specific shape that directly correlates to the shape of the substrate.

45
Q

How is blood pumped around the double circulatory system?

A
  • The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen.
  • The blood then returns to the heart
  • The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all other organs if the body
  • Once deoxygenated the blood returns to the heart to be pumped out of the lungs again
46
Q

Vena Cava is on the…and brings deoxygenated blood into…

A
  • Right
  • Right Atrium
47
Q

Pulmonary Vein is on the…and brings oxygenated blood into…

A
  • Left
  • Left Atrium
48
Q

From the right ventricle, the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by?

A

Pulmonary Artery

49
Q

From the left ventricle, the oxygenated blood is pumped to the body by?

A

Aorta

50
Q

Bile

A
  • Produced in the Liver
  • Emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
  • Stored in the gall bladder
51
Q

Transpiration

A

The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves.

52
Q

Translocation

A

Transportation of food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

53
Q

How are villi adapted for efficient absorption of sugar molecules?

A
  • Have many microvilli to increase surface area
  • Good blood to transport food particles to the body
  • Active transport requires energy so they have lots of mitochondria

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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