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Neurobiology (3350) > Lecture 18 - Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Development of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 germ layers of the embryo

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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2
Q

Describe the ectoderm

A
  • outer layer
  • forms tissues associated with outer layers: skin, hair, sweat glands, epithelium.
  • The brain and nervous system develop from the ectoderm.
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3
Q

Describe the Mesoderm.

A
  • middle layer
  • forms structures associated with movement and support (skeleton and muscles): body muscles, cartilage, bone, blood, and all other connective tissues.
  • Reproductive system organs and kidneys form from mesoderm.
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4
Q

Describe the endoderm.

A
  • inner layer
  • forms tissues and organs associated with the internal organs (digestive and respiratory systems).
  • form the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
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5
Q

What are the changes that occur in the human development between day 17 and day 23 (as en embryo)?

A
  • Formation of neuro groove which becomes a neural tube
  • Formation of CNS from the neural tube cells
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6
Q

What is the name of the cells that make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Neural crest

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7
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A
  • part of the ectoderm forms the neural plate
  • formation of the neural groove
  • The walls of the groove (neural fold) come together and form the neural tube
  • As neural folds come together some ectoderm is pinched off becomes the neural crest
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8
Q

What does the neural canal evolve in?

A

The ventricular system

  • there are 4 ventricals in the brainstem
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9
Q

Which cells evolve into the skeletal system and skeletal muscles?

A

somites

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10
Q

What are the differences between anencephaly and spina bifida on a neurobiological level?

A
  • Anencephaly - failure to close the neural tube at the rostal end
  • Spina bifida - failure to close the neural tube at the caudal end
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11
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulated CSF during development resulting in brain compression

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12
Q

What are the three primary vesicles?

A
  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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13
Q

Which vesicle splits into two?

A
  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
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14
Q

The neurons of the telencephalon wall proliferate to form which 3 distinct regions:

A

1) Cerebral cortex
2) Basal telencephalon
3) Olfactory bulb

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15
Q

The diencephalon differentiates into what?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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16
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • axonal bridge link of cortical neurons from 2 hemispheres
17
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

link cortex to brain stem, particularly the thalamus

18
Q

what are ventricles filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

19
Q

The differention of the basal telencephalon forms what?

A
  • part of the basal ganglia
20
Q

As an embryo, you begin with 3 vesicles; forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. But, in development, which 5 vesicles do you end with?

A

Forebrain
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon

Midbrain
1. Mesencephalon

Hindbrain
1. Melencephalon
2. Myelencephalon

21
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

A canal that connect the 3rd and 4th ventricle

22
Q

What are the components of the tectum?

A

Has a superior and inferior culiculi

23
Q

What is the purpose of the midbrain differentiation?

A

Function as passageway for the bundles of fibers that connect the cortex to the spinal cord

24
Q

What is the difference between the superior and inferior colliculus?

A
  • Superior colliculus - Receives sensory info from eye
  • Inferior colliculus - Receives sensory info from ear
25
Q

What is the role of the tegmentum?

A
  • Controls motor functions,
  • regulates awareness, attention and some autonomic functions.
26
Q

What gives rise to the substantia nigra?

A

Tegmentum

27
Q

What is the red nucleus involved in?

A

Involved in motor coordination, and is pale pink due to the presence of iron.

28
Q

The rostral portion of the hindbrain becomes what? And what is its purpose?

A
  • Becomes the metencephalon
  • Differentiates into the cerebellum and the pons
29
Q

The caudal portion of the hindbrain becomes what? And what is its purpose?

A
  • Becomes the myelencephalon
  • Differentiates into the medulla and pyramids
30
Q

Which vesicle gives rise to the majority of structures?

A

Telencephalon

31
Q

What are Morphogens?

A
  • They act to determine neuronal identity along three orthogonal axes of the spinal cord
  • They create a concentration that tells the cell what to becom
32
Q

Dorsal cells release a lot of ___, whereas ventral cells release a lot of ___.

A
  • BMP gene
  • Shh gene
33
Q

Which gene turns on the activation of Hox10

A
  • GDF11
  • FGF
  • Retinoic acid
34
Q

What determines the Neural diversification along the dorsoventral axis?

A
  • the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) released by the floor plate.

Neurobiology (3350) (8 decks)

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