Module 4

Question 1

It is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

It retains information that is no longer present means that we can use these as a “time machine” to go back just a moment.

Answer 2

Memory

Question 3

It used to remember what we need to do later in the day, to remember facts we have learned, and to use skills we have acquired.

Answer 3

Memory

Question 4

It is the transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Answer 4

Encoding

Question 5

It is maintaining the encoded information in memory.

Answer 5

Storing

Question 6

It is re-accessing information from the past which has been encoded and stored.

Answer 6

Retrieving

Question 7

It is a condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event.

Answer 7

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 8

It is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred or information that was learned in the past.

Answer 8

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 9

It is devoted to processing of names, dates, places, facts, events, and so forth. It is a thought of as being encoded symbolically and that thus can be described with language.

Answer 9

Declarative or Explicit Memory

Question 10

It is an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second.

Answer 10

Sensory Memory

Question 11

It is the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation.

Answer 11

Sensory Memory

Question 12

It is a hypothetical storage system characterized by a duration estimated at about 12 seconds, by a capacity estimated at about 7 (+/-) 2 items, and by accurate recall.

Answer 12

Short term Memory

Question 13

It can store information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well.

Answer 13

Short term Memory

Question 14

It can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.

Answer 14

Long term Memory

Question 15

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multistore model of memory, it is a memory store that processes information according to its meaning and which holds an unlimited amount for a lengthy period.

Answer 15

Long term Memory

Question 16

It is repeating a stimulus over and over, as you might repeat a telephone number to hold it in your mind after looking it up in the phone book or on the Internet.

Answer 16

Rehearsal

Question 17

It is used to help make a stimulus more memorable, such as relating the numbers in a phone number to a familiar date in history.

Answer 17

Strategies

Question 18

It helps you focus on information that is particularly important or interesting.

Answer 18

Strategies of Attention

Question 19

It was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

Answer 19

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Question 20

It is model proposed that memory can be understood as a sequence of discrete steps, in which information is transferred from one storage area to another. It is only a fraction of the information in short-term memory passes on to long-term memory.

Answer 20

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Question 21

It is a memory organizational strategy in which several small units are combined into larger units.

Answer 21

Chunking

Question 22

It is a strategy of combining small pieces of information, in short term memory, to form a larger, meaningful unit of information that aids retrieval from long term memory.

Answer 22

Chunking

Question 23

It is an effective way to recall information by doing a process that from a different item you are going to select related items and categorize them, then followed by creating one unit of information.

Answer 23

Chunking

Question 24

It involves representing items in short term memory based on their sound.

Answer 24

Auditory Coding

Question 25

He demonstrates an experiment where participants saw a few target letters flashed briefly on a screen and were told to write down the letters in the order they were presented and found out that when participants made errors, they were most likely to misidentify the target letter as another letter that sounded.

Answer 25

R. Conrad

Question 26

It involves representing items visually, as would occur when remembering the details of a floor plan or the layout of streets on a map.

Answer 26

Visual Coding

Question 27

He demonstrates an experiment which participants were presented with a task like the one in the following demonstration.

Answer 27

Sergio Della Sala

Question 28

It is representing items in terms of their meaning.

Answer 28

Semantic Coding

Question 29

It occurs when previously learned information disrupts learning new information.

Answer 29

Proactive Interference

Question 30

He defines working memory as a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning.

Answer 30

Baddeley

Question 31

According to him, short-term memory is a single component, whereas working memory consists of a few parts.

Answer 31

Baddeley