Chapter 7 Flashcards
The Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton
206
What are the two principal divisions of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
What are the six main parts that comprise the axial system?
- Skull bones
- Auditory Ossicles (ear)
- Hyoid
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Vertebral Column
The _______ skeleton refers to the part of the skeleton that comprises the bones of the head and trunk in vertebrates
Axial
The ___________ skeleton is one of the two major groups of bones in the human body. It consists of the bones of the limbs (or appendages) and the bones that attach the limbs to the rest of the body.
Appendicular Skeleton
What are the major components of the Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of upper and lower limbs (extremities)
- bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial of the skeleton
What are the 5 main different types of bones
1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
5) Seasmoid
How do long and short bones differ from each other
long bones = cylinder in shape, longer than wide, and their primary function is leverage. (ex: femur, tibia, humerus, radius)
short bones = cube like shape, approx equal in length, width, and thickness. Function to provide stability and support and allow for motion (ex: carpals, tarsals)
This bone type is small and round. It protects tendons from compressive forces
Sesamoid bone
(ex: patellae)
Vertebra, and most facial bones are this type of bone. They have a complex shape and protect internal organs
what is an irregular bone
Describe the shape and functions of a flat bone and provide an example
shape: thin and curved
function: point of attachment for muscle, protects inner organs
example: sternum, ribs, scapula, and cranial
Bones can be classified according to their: ____________ & _____________
Shape and location
Bones classified according to their location are divided into two groups called: __________ & ______________
Sutural bones and Sutures
These bones are small, extra bone plates located within the sutures (joints) of cranial bones.
What is________
Sutural bones
define Suture bones
jointed areas where flat bones come together
What are the two major types of bone surface markings
1) Depressions and Openings:
- Allow the passage of soft tissue (BV, nerves, ligaments)
- Form joints
2) Processes:
- projections or outgrowths that form joints.
- serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons
What are the 5 different types of Depression or Openings (bone surface markings)
1) Fissure - narrow slit between bones
2) Foramen - Hole
3) Fossa - shallow depression
4) Sulcus - Furrow on a bone for passage
5) Meatus - tube-like opening
A condyle is what type of bone surface marking
Process projections or outgrowth
smooth, flat, slightly concave is a description of what bone surface marking
a facet (process or outgrowth)
What are the 10 different types of Processes Projections or Outgrowths (bone surface markings)
1) Condyle: rounded projection with smooth articular surface (ex: edge of jaw)
2) Facet: smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface (ex vertbrae)
3) Head: usually rounded and supported on a shaft
4) Crest Process: prominent ridge or elongated process attachment points for connective tissue
5) Epicondyle Process: roughened projections on a condyle
6) Line Process: long, narrow ridge or boarder (less prominent than a cres)
7) Spinous Process: sharp, slender projection
8) Trochanter Process: very large projection. found ONLY in the femur
9) Tubercle: variably sized rounded projection
10) Tuberosity: variably sized with rough, bumpy surface
Connective tissues attaches to this type of a process projections
Crest Process
How many bones are in an adult skull
22
The bones of the skull are grouped into two parts: __________ & ____________
1) Cranial cavity bones (8)
2) Facial bones (14)
List 4 functions of the skull
- protects brain
- stabilizes the positions of the brain (as well as BV, lymphatic vessels, and nerves)
- attachment area for muscles (muscles that move parts of hear and produce facial expressions)
- facial bones form face = entry points for digestive and respiratory system
- protect and support sensory organs (vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium)
The _________ is the only movable bone of the skull
Mandible (or jaw bone)
A vertical fibrous joint that divides the two halves of the frontal lobe is called __________ and is only present in ____________
- Metopic suture (or frontal interfrontal, or median frontal suture)
- newborns
There are 14 facial bones, some of which are paired. These are the 14 facial bones
1/2)- Nasal (paired)
3) Lacrimal bones - smallest facial bones
4/5) Palatine bones (paired)
5/6) Inferior nasal concha bones (paired)
7/8) Zygomatic bones (paired)
9/10) Maxilla (paired, but not fused)
11) Vomer
12) Mandible
13) Ethmoid
14) Sphenoid
Dull pain around the ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking or popping noise, limited or abnormal mouth breathing, headache, tooth sensitivity.
These are symptoms of what condition?
TMJ - Temporal Mandibular Joint
caused by misaligned teeth, grinding/ clenching, trauma to head/ neck, and/or arthritis
treatment: heat or ice, soft food diet, bite plate, surgery, orthodontics, pain meds
Define a suture
a suture is an immovable fibrous joint the holds the SKULL bones together. Sutures have mobilization in infants and children
The names of sutures reflect the bones that they unite. What are the 4 prominent sutures and which skull bones do they unite?
1) Coronal Suture: frontal and both parietal bones
2) Sagittal Suture - 2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull - names because the soft spot in infants looks like an arrow (sagitt = arrow)
3) Lambdoid suture - 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone (names because it looks like the Greek letter )
4) Squamous suture (x2) - unites parietal and temporal bones on the lateral sides of the skull
CTLSC
what are the 5 lumbar regions: list from top to bottom
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacrum
5) Coccyx
