Methods of Combating Crime - Topic 4

Question 1

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
how effective were the JPs?

Answer 1

• effective because of their status (they were rich landowners)
• did job in professional manner
• effective at organising the constables and more so when their powers increases e.g. hold suspects for 3 days
• however they relied on the respect of the people

Question 2

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
how effective were parish constables?

Answer 2

• weren’t as effective because some were unwilling due to the job being unpaid
• no training or uniform
• some disliked reporting on friends and family
• however they had some limited standing

Question 3

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
how effective were towns watchmen?

Answer 3

• paid little so many were reluctant
• ineffective as they often fell asleep
• after 1663 they became objects of fun with no respect in society
• easy target when using watch boxes

Question 4

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the Welsh JP Sir Edward Stradling?

Answer 4

• Wealthy landowner, lived in St Donat’s castle (Vale of Glamorgan)
• 1554 (age 25) he became an JP and served as a sheriff 3 times until 1596
• JP in 1575 = found 2 thieves who escaped from Somerset
• JP in 1582 = Earl of Pembrokeshire asked him to investigate the riots
• JP in 1590 = asked to sell property of merchant Anthony Marley in order to pay off his £450 debt
• Responsible for issuing summonses against the local individuals on a regular basis
• Expected to play a full part in community affairs due to his social standing

Question 5

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how were the bow street runners effective?

Answer 5

• they introduced the idea of preventative policing
• they were effective because they had training, good leaders and they kept increasing. Their success led to other initiatives
• they served as deterrents through their presence

Question 6

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
why was the police force extended in the 19th century?

Answer 6

there was increasing support for the concept of a professional state funded full-time police force (however the idea was still controversial)

Question 7

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how did Robert Peele aid the extension of the police forces in the 19th century?

Answer 7

• he argued the crime rate was rising, especially in industrial towns
• a change in policing was needed as existing methods of catching criminals were not effective due to the massive industrial, agricultural and population changes over time

Question 8

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
why did many people oppose the idea of a state run police force in the 19th century?

Answer 8

they believed it would threaten freedom.

however the main opposition was the increased tax they would have to pay for the police force

Question 9

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what led to the idea of the police force being extended within London and across England and Wales?

Answer 9

the success of the Metropolitan police force

Question 10

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how was the extension of the police force effective?

Answer 10

because the police force kept growing and so must have been effective because in 1856 it was made compulsory

Question 11

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how was specialisation improved and developed in the 19th century in the police force?

Answer 11

• There was significant development in the plain clothes department in 1842 - they would investigate crimes, examine clues and take evidence from the scene under cover
• The criminal investigation department was set up in 1878, and there were 800 officers by 1883.

Question 12

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how was technology improved and developed in the 19th century in the police force?

Answer 12

• Telegraph first used at Scotland Yard in 1867 and in 1869, it extended to other areas
• Photography was first used in the late 19th century. At first it was for mugshots of criminals, then it was developed to include scenes of crime evidence

Question 13

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how were the records improved and developed in the 19th century in the police force?

Answer 13

The Criminal Office Records was set up in 1869.
This compiled records of criminals, suspects and crimes.

Question 14

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how effective were the improvements and developments in policing methods in the 19th century?

Answer 14

The whole country now had a full-time, paid, trained and uniformed police force. There was increasing specialisation/use of technology which made the police more effective.

Question 15

MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the development of women in the police force in the 20th century?

Answer 15

• 1919 = first women officers in Metropolitan service
• Role was limited (looking after child/female suspects, basic foot patrol
• 1931 = resign when married. 1946 = this was abolished
• 1973 = same role/duties as men
• 1995 = Pauline Clare first female chief constable (for Lancashire)

Question 16

MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the development of transport in the police force in the 20th century?

Answer 16

• 19th century = on foot. - 1909 = used bicycles
• 1919 = cars which enabled increased chances of catching criminals, gathering evidence and finding eye witnesses
• 1970s = rapid response teams in cars. Riot vans.
• 1980s = helicopters (bird’s eye view, searchlights, infrared cameras)

Question 17

MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the development of communication in the police force in the 20th century?

Answer 17

• The telegraph = late 19th century
• Morse code transmitters in cars in 1920s
• From the 1960s personal two-way radios were used on the beat
• 999 system set up in 1930s

Question 18

MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the development of technology in the police force in the 20th century?

Answer 18

• Metal detectors, CCTV, infrared equipment
• Centralised National Computer Record (fingerprints, DNA records, vehicle details)
• National database of fingerprint records (electronic scanners/ink)
• DNA database has 6 million records

Question 19

MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the development of specialisation in the police force in the 20th century?

Answer 19

• Wider ranks (constable, sergeant, inspector, chief, inspector)
• 1878 = Criminal Investigation Department - detectives in plain clothes
• Dog Handling Squad in 1946
• Police now use genetic fingerprinting

Question 20

MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the development of community policing in the police force in the 20th century?

Answer 20

• By 1980s, reputation damaged by allegations of faking evidence, using violence and intimidation to force confessions
• 1981 Lord Scarman wrote a report on Brixton riots (out of touch)
• Since, officers on beat returned and officers linked with schools

Question 21

MODERN PERIOD
how is effectiveness ensured in the modern day police force?

Answer 21

Each year, police forces/fire forces were inspected by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services
Gave a written report on how effective the force is in certain areas

Question 22

MODERN PERIOD
during the 20th century, police forces were ‘what’ to make them more effective?

Answer 22

amalgamated into larger forces covering bigger areas