A & P - Exam 3

Question 1

Pulm Compliance

Answer 1

Question 2

Nitrogen Washout time w/ normal anatomical dead-space and alveolar ventilation

Answer 2

should be able to get down to 2.5% N2 in 7 min of breathing, 12 breaths/min

A bigger Vt will give you a bigger N2 washout per breath

Question 3

Circuit in Parallel

Answer 3

Total resistance of the system has to be lower than either of the individual resistances. Opposite for series.

1/Rtot = 1/R1 + 1/R2

Plug in numbers ½ + ½ = 1/Rtot so Rtot = 1 in this simple ass equation. So, R total is half of either of the individual resistance of the circuit which were 2 ohm’s..

Question 4

Not diabetic or prediabetic

Answer 4

Less than 5.7 HbA1C if a lot over 5.7 then diabetic.. keeping A1c under 7% is thought of as good BS management

Question 5

Normal Blood saturation

Answer 5

97.4% of the 100mmHg in arterial blood
venous saturation is more like 70% bc lower pH

Question 6

At a PO2 of 40mmHg, HbF sat and HbA sat

Answer 6

HbF would be close to 100% saturated. PO2 of 40mmHg, usually enough for adult hemoglobin to be ¾ saturated

Question 7

Nitrous Oxide

Answer 7

N2O more soluble than N2 about 30X more soluble than nitrogen- but very low solubility

Question 8

PAO2
PACO2
base/apex of lung

Answer 8

At base of lung, PAO2: lower than average maybe 90mmHg. and higher PCO2 41-42mmHg (base, lower O2, and higher CO2)

At the top of the lung (over-ventilated) high PAO2: 130mmHg (very top-apex) and low PACO2: 30mmHg

of V/Q numbers is between a PO2 of 90-130. (base-top)- if in unhealthy lung then even wider range

Question 9

End Stage Emphysema and capnograph

Answer 9

If unhealthy lungs, lungs collapsing on every breath and looking at big tidal volume, beginning of expired breath comes from base of lung and if base of lung collapses quickly, then might have inversed capnograph plateau.. Bc more air coming from top of lung when usually from base (and top of lung has less CO2 relative to the base).. Normal CO2 capnograph increases over time normally just because the lungs are unloading more CO2 with time.. Can see this inversion with end stage emphysema- difficult to see if in middle stage of disease.

Question 10

How to prevent Alveolar dead space (ADS) over long procedures

Answer 10

.. Either turn PEEP down to prevent dead space from happening or increase the Vt

Question 11

Amount of estimated dead-space off PACO2

Answer 11

Less than 28mmHg then probably more dead space (27-28 is normal)..

Question 12

PMEN2:

Answer 12

Nitrogen looks similar to what we inspire (just say consistent with humidified atm air).. about 563-566…0.79 x 713mmHg