Demography

Question 1

Demog - Births over time + baby booms - Harper

Answer 1

• Total fertility rate:
- 1964 –> 2.93
- 2020 –> 1.6
• People have children later
- 1973 –> 26.4
- 2019 –> 30.7
• Historical baby booms: After wars

Question 2

Demog - Reasons for Declining birth rate - Changes in women’s employment - Harper

Answer 2

• Increased ed opportunity = girls do better
• More women in paid employment
• Changes I’m attitude to family + women’s role
• Harper –> Ed of women is important - Changes in mindset = delay childbearing, use protection

Question 3

Demog - Reasons for Declining Birth rate - Decline in Infant Mortality - Harper

Answer 3

• If infants survive parents have fewer
• Infant Mortality Rate fell because:
- improved housing + sanitation
- better nutrition
- improved services
• IMR - 1900 = 15%, 2012 = 0.4%

Question 4

Demog - Reasons for Declining Birth Rate - Children now an economic liability

Answer 4

• Children were econmic asset –> went to work
• Now a liability
- Laws banned child labour
- Created compulsory school = eco dep for longer
- Changing norms - expect more materially
• Financial pressures mean less able to care for child

Question 5

Demog - Births - Effect of Changing Fertility

Answer 5

• Impact on Family –> smaller family sizes, duel earned
• Dependency Ratio –> less children = less dependency, vanishing childhood (no siblings)
• Public Services –> Less schools needed, smaller houses

Question 6

Demog - Deaths

Answer 6

• Number of deaths a year is steady - 500,000
• Even if deaths stay same, population rising means deaths decline in proportion
• Life expectancy of men - 1901 = 46, now = 79
• Women - 1901 = 49, now = 82

Question 7

Demog - Deaths - The ageing Population

Answer 7

• Cause of increased life expectancy, Declining fertility + Infant Mortality
• Average age of population increases
• Average in UK is 40
• 18% of population over 65

Question 8

Demog - Impact of Agening Population - Public Services

Answer 8

• Older people consume more public services (health + social care)

Question 9

Demog - Impact of Ageing Population - 1 person pensioner household

Answer 9

• Number of pensioners living alone increased to 12.5%
• Most are women - higher life expectancy

Question 10

Demog - Impact of Ageing Population - Dependecy Ratio

Answer 10

• Non-working are economically dependent
• Number of retired rises, increases dependency ratio on working pop
• 2015 - 3.2 workers for every 1 pensioner

Question 11

Demog - Impact of Ageing Population - Ageism, Modernity + Postmodernity - Hunt + Philipson

Answer 11

• Growth of Ageism- neg stereotyping + unequal treatment
• Modern soc + old age –> reault of dependency
- Phillipson - old are no use for capitalism = unwilling to support
• Postmodern + Ageism –> Fixed, elderly life stages broken down - greater choice
- Hunt –> old become market for body maintenance (cosmetic surgery, anti-ageing products)

Question 12

Demog - Impact of Ageing Population - Inequality among old - Pilcher

Answer 12

• Class + gender important amongst old
- class = mc afford youthful life
- gender = women lower pension savings (breaks) + subject to existing ageist = old hag

Question 13

Demog - Migration

Answer 13

• Trend
- 2019 = 612,000 immigrants (in) - 385,000 emmigrants (out)
- 2020 = 715,000 + 403,000
• Reasons for Immigration
- Push –> unemployment, war, lack of Ed
- Pull –> Employment , Ed, higher wages
• Reason got Emmigration
- Push –> low wages, economic crisis
- Pull –> Higher wages, better opportunities

Question 14

Demog - Impact of Migration

Answer 14

• Contributes to population growth
• Alters agr structure
- directly–> usually young immigrants
- indirectly–> more fertile = more birth
• Impacts dependency ratio
- Most young + working age + have children = lowers ratio

Question 15

Demog - Globalisation + Migration - Vertovec

Answer 15

• Made migration more accessible
- 33% increase since 2000
• Many types of migration: temp, perm, refugees
• Increased diversity of migration
- students bigger group of migrants
- 2014 - more Chinese than UK graduates (26%,23%)
• Vertovec –> Migration led to super diversity
- come from wider range of countries + backgrounds

Question 16

Demog - Globalisation + Migration - Cohen, Erikson, Ehrenreich + Hochschild

Answer 16

• Cohen –> 3 types if migrants: Citizens - full citizenship, denizens - welcomed, hellots - unskilled
• Erikson –> Transnational Identities - identify with range of nationalities
• Ehrenreich + Hochschild –> Feminisation of Ed- migrants reinforce stereotypes (care work, domestic - 40% nurses migrants)