4.1 CHARGE & CURRENT Flashcards

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1
Q

what is electric current defined as?

A

the rate of flow of charge

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2
Q

what is the formula for electric current? and what is the unit?

A

I = ΔQ / Δt

amps/amperes, A

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3
Q

what is the unit of charge?

A

coulombs, C

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4
Q

what is one coulomb defined as?

A

one coulomb is defined as the amount of charge that passes in 1 second when the current is 1 ampere

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5
Q

what electrical component can you use in a circuit to measure the current?

A

an ammeter, measures in amps

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6
Q

what is the value for elementary charge?

A

e = 1.6 x 10^-19

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7
Q

what is the charge of an electron?

A

e or -1.6 x 10^-19

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8
Q

what is the charge of a proton?

A

+e or 1.6 x 10^-19

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9
Q

what is the smallest unit of charge?

A

e - because the net charge of a particle or object is quantised (will always be a multiple of e)

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10
Q

in metals what are the charge carriers?

A

electrons, the movement of the electrons causing currents in the metal

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11
Q

what are solutions that can conduct electricity called?

A

electrolytes

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12
Q

what are the charge carries in electrolytes?

A

they are positive and negative ions

electrolytes are formed when ionic compounds, such as copper sulphate, are dissolved in water

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13
Q

what is conventional current and why is it different to actual current?

A

conventional current flows from the positive + terminal to the negative - terminal of the cell, which is in fact the opposite way to the actual flow of electrons

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14
Q

what is Kirchhoff’s first law?

A

the sum of the currents entering a junction must be equal to the sum of currents leaving a junction, because of conservation of charge

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15
Q

what is the rule behind Kirchhoff’s first law?

A

charge is always conserved

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16
Q

define mean drift velocity

A

mean drift velocity is the average velocity of the charge carriers (it is much less than the electrons’ actual speed but we take an average as they move randomly in all directions)

17
Q

what is the equation that links mean drift velocity to current? and what does each part represent?

A

I = nAve

where I = the electrical current flowing through the conductor in (amps)
n = the number of free electrons per unit volume, electron DENSITY (m^-3)
e = the charge on the electron, 1.6 x 10^-19 (C)
v = the mean drift velocity of the electrons
A = the cross sectional area of the wire or conductor (m^2)

18
Q

why are metals good conductors? and what does that mean for the mean drift velocity?

A

metals contain a large number of free electrons per unit volume, high value of n in I = nevA meaning the mean drift velocity is small even for a high current

19
Q

what is an insulator and what gives insulators their properties?

A

they are poor conductors (conduct very little electricity) and this is because they have very few free electrons, in fact many insulators have values close to zero for n in I = nevA

20
Q

what is a semiconductor?

A

semiconductors, such a silicon and germanium, have values of n between those of conductors and insulators, meaning that they have intermediate conduction properties - neither very good nor very poor in terms of their conducting properties

21
Q

what is a perfect insulator?

A

an insulator with no charge carriers and would therefore conduct nothing, but these do not exist in nature (real insulators have a very small n)

22
Q

whats the charge on copper2+ ion

A

3.20 x 10^-19

23
Q

give two examples of a semiconductor

A

germanium and silicon

24
Q

give two examples of a conductor

A

copper and zinc

25
Q

Outline the difference between conventional current and electron flow in a metal wire

A

Conventional current is from the +ve terminal to the -ve terminal.
Electrons flow from the -ve terminal to the +ve terminal.

26
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between electric current in a metal wire and in an ionic solution

A

In metals, the charge carriers are e-‘s. In ionic solutions the charge carriers are ions.
In metals, the charge carriers are -ve. In ionic solutions, the charge carriers can be +ve or -ve.

27
Q

Describe the structure of metal

A

it is a lattice of +ve ions, surrounded by a sea of delocalised e-‘s. The +ve ions are vibrating in their fixed positions, and they vibrate more vigorously as the temperature of the metal increases.

28
Q

How can you make the +ve ions in a metal oscillate more in their fixed positions

A

By increasing the temperature of the metal

29
Q

How do you make the e-‘s in the metal move to create a current

A

By making one end of a wire +ve and the other -ve. The e-‘s in the metal of the wire will be attracted towards the +ve terminal, and so move through the wire as an electric current.

30
Q

The name of a +ve electrode

A

anode

31
Q

The name of -ve electrode

A

cathode