Endocrine - Class

Question 1

Stress vs Stressor?
(in terms of stress response)

Answer 1

Stress is the physiological result of exposure to the stressor.

Stressor is the stressful stimulus.

Question 2

Reactive vs proactive stress response coping style?

–> What ‘type’ of animals would have each type of response?

Answer 2

Reactive is when they respond strongly to a stressor, and proactive is when they have a lesser response.

–> Submissive animals tend to have a reactive stress response, and Dominant animals tend to have a proactive stress response.

Question 3

Describe the stress response for the HPA axis
vs
The stress response from the sympathetic NS

Answer 3

For HPA Axis, we have Corticotropin-releasing hormone,

Question 4

What are catecholamines?

Answer 4

Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters and hormones that include adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine.

They are named after their chemical structure, which contains a catechol nucleus (a benzene ring with two hydroxyl side groups) and an amine group.

Question 5

What are Ecosanoids?

Answer 5

One of the 4 major types of hormones (proteins, Biogenic amines, steroid hormones, Eicosanoids).

Ecosanoids are paracrine hormones (LOCALLY acting - as opposed to endocrine which means it travels).

They are modified versions of the FATTY ACID Arachidonic Acid.

Prostaglandins are a major example. Prostaglandins

Question 6

adrenaline (epinephrine) vs noradrenaline (norepinephrine)?

Answer 6

Adrenaline prepares the body for a quick, immediate response, enhancing overall body performance to either fight the threat or flee from it.
vs
Noradrenaline is more involved in the ongoing response and maintenance of alertness, with a specific role in increasing blood pressure and redirecting blood flow to essential areas.

Question 7

What do Catecholamines do?

Answer 7

Catecholamines are Epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and so they do the things you’d expect from the sympathetic nervous system, dealing with fight or flight:

1. decrease digestion
   -Inhibiting insulin and stimulating glucagon
   -stimulates fat and protein catabolism to replenish liver glycogen
2. Increased O2 delivery and heart rate.
   -Therefore, release of red blood cells.

Question 8

WHat does it mean if a hormone has a permissive role?

Answer 8

it means it’s required for another hormone to exert its effect. (it permits another hormone to function!)

Question 9

WHat is the tertiary stress response? describe its effects

Answer 9

it’s the result of chronic stress. Can result in:
1. Decreased growth
2. decreased ability to fight infection / disease. (decreased immune function).

Question 10

Why is pain reduced during stressful situations?

Question 11

What are the 4 criteria for something to be considered a Hormone?

Answer 11

1. must be a CHEMICAL substance. Peptides, steroids, amines, or eicosanoids.
2. Secreted by a Gland: Hormones must be secreted by glands.
3. Target Specificity: A hormone must have SPECIFIC target receptors for that hormone.
4. Regulated by Feedback Mechanisms: Hormones must be regulated through feedback mechanisms to ensure the proper hormone concentration in the body.

Question 12

True or False?

all action potentials involve voltage-gated channels.

Answer 12

FALSE!

As we discuss in more detail later in this chapter, not all action potentials involve voltage-gated channels. In these neurons, the repolarization phase is driven by the “leak” channels that are open even at rest. Action potentials in these neurons lack an after-hyperpolarization phase.