Biological Explanation for gender

Question 1

AO1

Question 2

Sex

Trigger words:
Including

Answer 2

The biological differences between males and females including chromosomes, hormomes an anatomy.

Question 3

Gender

Trigger words:
Psychological
Attitudes

Answer 3

The psychological and cultural differences between males an females including attitudes,behaviours and social roles

Question 4

Sex-role stereotypes

Trigger words:
A set
Ideas

Answer 4

A set of beliefs and preconceieved ideas about what is expected or appropraite for males and females in a given society

Question 5

Androgyny

Trigger words:

Displaying

Answer 5

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in one’s personality

Question 6

Testosterone

Trigger word:
affects Development

Answer 6

A sex hormone that affects the development of genitalia and the puberty male secondary sex characteristics.

All humans have testosterone but it typically occurs in greater quantities in males bodies

Question 7

Oxytocin

Trigger words:
Promote

Answer 7

A hormone produced in the pituitary gland that is thought to promote feelings of bonding and calmness. In natal women it initiates lacation for breastfeeding.

Taylor et al (2003)

Question 8

Oestrogen

Trigger words:
Development
secondary

Answer 8

A sex hormone that affects the development of female secondary sex characteristics. Occurs in greater quantities in female bodies.

Question 9

Sex chromosomes

Trigger Words:
Determine
Direct

Answer 9

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s biological sex. There is usually a direct link between chromosomal sex and external and internal genitalia.

Female = XX 
Male = XY

Question 10

Atypical Sex chromosome patterns

Answer 10

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Turner’s syndrome

Question 11

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 11

Due to an XXY configuration. The individual is born with a penis and develops as fairly normal male. Found in 1 in 1,000 males

Question 12

Turner’s syndrome
Fem

Trigger words:
Early

Answer 12

Due to an XO configuration, meaning the second sex chromosomes is early or completely missing. Occur in 1 in 2,000 females at birth.

Question 13

4 Physical characteristics of Turner syndrome (In Women)

Trigger words:
Lower & Webber

Answer 13

• Do not have menstrual cycle
• Do not have breasts
• Lower set of ears and webber neck
• High waist to hip ratio

Question 14

4 Physical characteristics of Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Men

Trigger Words:
Femine characteristics

Answer 14

• Reduced body hair when compared to an XY male
• Some breast development at puberty
• Undeveloped genitals
• Also susceptible to health problems that are commonly found in females such as breast cancer

Question 15

Psychological characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

Trigger Words:

• Performance S,V,M & MA
• Socially
• Trouble relat
• Experience

Answer 15

• Performance on spatial, visual, memory and mathematical tasks is often lower than average.
• Tend to be socially immature
• Have trouble relating to their peers
• Experience difficulties fitting in

Question 16

4 Psychological characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome (Male)
Feminie
Trigger Words:

Answer 16

• Poor developed language skills and reading ability
• Tend to be passive and shy
• May not respond well to stressful situations
• Likeluy to have problems with ‘executive functions eg memory and problem solving

Question 17

AO3 Evaluation and Discussion

Question 18

AO3 Evaluation

4 to remember for The role of chromosomes and hormones In Sex and Gender

Answer 18

Biological determinism
The importance of other factors
The role of culture and social influences
Real-world applications

Question 19

Biological Determinism.
AO3

Supported by Reiner and Gearhart (2004)

John Money (1972)

Out of

Answer 19

• Reported that, out of 14 ‘intersex’ males raised as females, 8 had reassinged themselves by age 16.
• David reimer is similar: his penise was damaged and lead his family to being raised as female but was unhappy and transitioned to male.

Question 20

Link sentence for Biological determinism

Answer 20

This research suggests that biological factors do have a key role in gender development.

Question 21

The importance of other factors

high levels

Answer 21

Point = Some may argue that genes are not the only factor and that other factors are important too

For example, XX females with cogenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have usually high level of androgens and may be assigned male gender at birth.

Some people with CAH accept their assinged gender and some do not.

Question 22

Importance of other factors Link sentence

Answer 22

Thus indicates gender development is in part biological determined (nature), but experience, personality and socialisation (nuture also have a key world

Question 23

The role of culture and social influences (Nature-nurture interactions)
Batisa family from dominican republic

Imperato-McGinley et al; (1974).

4
Large
Ease

Answer 23

• 4 children were born with external female genitalia and raised as girls
• Large amounts of testosterone produced during puberty = Caused their male genitalia to appear externally.
• Kids were XXY

Explain = It has been suggested that the ease of transition from female to male highlights the importance of culture - in a community prepared to accept fluidity it seemed to be relatively easy to move between roles

• Something that is different in western cultures.

Question 24

The role of culture and social influences Link sentence

Answer 24

Link = This case not only shows how culture can shape gender development in terms of expectations but also illustrates the powerful effects of testosterone.

Question 25

Real-world applications
treatment of intersex conditions

Intersex babies
Identifed

Answer 25

Point = Intersex babies are not now treated surgically until they are older and can decide themselves.

Evidence = if identified at birth turner syndrome can be given growth hormone so they can reach normal height.

Oestrogen replacement therapy helps them develop secondary sexual charactersitics and benefits their heaths and bone health.

Question 26

Real-world applications
treatment of intersex conditions
Link Sentence

use

Answer 26

It is useful to identify aytpical chromosome patterns early, so the indivdual can be give hormone treatment.