Gender and Identity: LT6

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Biological difference between men and women

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

Social construction, cultural and social differences between sexes

Question 3

Gender stereotypes

Answer 3

A generalised view of the typical or ideal characteristics of men and women

Question 4

Hegemonic masculine characteristic

Answer 4

Sexual dominance, physical strength, aggression and competitive

Question 5

Hegemonic feminine characteristic

Answer 5

Expression of emotion, weak, fragile and gentleness

Question 6

Agencies of socialisation and gender

Answer 6

. Family
. School
. Peer group
. Media

Question 7

Family as an agency of socialisation

Answer 7

parents have stereotypical views of characterisers of boys and girls and bring them up according to this

Question 8

Oakley

Answer 8

Four processes of primary socialisation:
. Manipulation: Adopt behaviours
. Canalisation: Different toys and games
. Verbal appellation: Exposed to different language
. Activity exposure: Encouraged to do different activities.

Question 9

However, Family socialisation

Answer 9

Parents have increased choice, bring children up as gender free. the family is not always stereotypical.

Question 10

School as an agency of socialisation

Answer 10

Hidden curriculum creates stereotypes.
subject choice, parents and teachers suggest different subject choices to boys and girls E.g. Boys = electronics Girls = Textiles

Question 11

What did Skelton propose?

Answer 11

The male gaze

Question 12

The male gaze: School

Answer 12

Male teachers and students behaviours reflect dominant ideas about masculinity (E.g Chivalry) which encourages girls to behave stereotypically.

Question 13

However, School socialisation

Answer 13

Changes to attitude and employment have reduced some traditional gender socialisation within school

Question 15

Peer groups as an agency of socialisation

Answer 15

To gain acceptance in peer groups boys and girls conform to stereotypical identities

Question 16

Double standards

Answer 16

Sexual conquest might be seen as approved masculine behaviour and gain status in peer groups however, females who show this behaviour might gain a spoiled identity.

Question 17

However, Peer groups socialisation

Answer 17

Males and females identities are becoming more similar E.g. Ladettes

Question 18

The media as an agency of socialisation

Answer 18

TV and advertising often show gender stereotypes presenting gender stereotypical roles E.g. Women = nurses Men = Soldiers

Question 19

However Media socialisation

Answer 19

Increasing number of positive female roles which are emerging in TV and films E.g. Marvel superhero’s

Question 20

Changing Female identities

Answer 20

. Females are now doing better than males in education, They have more positive role model that are replacing traditional stereotypes.
. Women’s Independent income increases, their financial need for marriage reduced.

Question 21

However Female identities

Answer 21

. Related to social class, working class are more likely to continue to to follow traditional stereotypes whereas middle class girls are more likely to break them
. Society still remains unequal with men earning more

Question 22

Similarity between masculine and feminine identities

Answer 22

E.g. the emergence of Ladettes (Loud, heavy drinking and aggressive)

Question 23

Changing Male identities

Answer 23

. Prospects for young males are disappearing E.g. males underachieving & traditional macho employment disappearing.
. Male bodies are emerging as sex objects
. New masculine identities are concerned with appearance

Question 24

New men

Answer 24

More caring, gentle, emotional and sensitive in attitude towards women

Question 25

New lad

Answer 25

Reaction against new man. Associates with sex, aggressiveness and football

Question 26

New dad

Answer 26

A man who enjoys the joys of fatherhood

Question 27

Crisis of masculinity

Answer 27

A growing sense of insecurity accompanies the loss of mens purpose in relation to traditional hegemonic masculine identities E.g. the provider and protector

Question 28

However, Crisis of masculinity

Answer 28

Likely to affect more males more than others E.g. working class hit hardeners due to de-industrialisation

Question 29

Mac an Ghaill

Answer 29

The changes in society are creating a crisis of masculinity, with men feeling lost and searching for a gender identity that fits the modern world